Amino Acid Composition of Defatted African Olive (Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.) Residue: a Potential Poultry Feedstuff
Keywords:
Defatted, African olive, amino acid, Poultry
Abstract
Amino acid composition was analysed for defatted African olive (Canarium schweinfurthii) pericarp using standard procedures to determine its profile and classification. The profile revealed that valine and arginine, and aspartate, alanine, and glycine, were the most abundant essential and non-essential amino acids, respectively. Quantitatively, amino acid content was higher than for many conventional Nigerian feedstuffs for poultry and livestock, and has a good profile, relative to soyabeans. Total non-essential amino acids were higher than total essential amino acids, with neutral amino acids in the highest amount. Lysine was higher in the residue than full-fat soyabeans and soyabean cake. Sulphur amino acids content was the lowest by classification, with methionine making up 79.71% of the sulphur amino acids. Polar and non-polar amino acids had similar quantities. The values obtained portrayed the residue as a viable alternative source of protein in poultry diets.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Alagawanya, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, F. R., Tiwari, R., Yatoo, M. I., Karthik, K., Michalak, I. and Dhama, K. (2021). Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review. Veterinary Quarterly, 41(1): 1–29.
Alimon, A. R. (2004). The nutritive value of palm kernel cake for animal feed. Palm Oil Developments, 40: 12-14.
Angbulu-Oche, A. O., Duru, S., Bawa, G. S. and Onimisi, P. A. (2024). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of black olive (Canarium schweinfurthii) seed meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 7(1): 1 – 9.
AOAC (2006). Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 18th ed. W. Horwitz (Ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington; D. C.
Ashom, S. A. and Ajiji, I. (2022). Proximate and detergent fiber fractions of de-oiled African olive (Canarium schweinfurthi Engl.): a potential animal feedstuff. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 44(12): 1-5.
Aviagen (2014). ROSS 308 Nutrition Specifications. https://www.aviagen.com. Last accessed 21.08. 2023.
Ayoade, G. W., Amoo, I. A., Jabar, J. M., Ojo, A. M., and Maduawuchi, C. O. (2017). Proximate, minerals and amino acid profile of (Canarium schweinfurthii) seed pulp. International Journal of Science and Technology, 6(1): 657 – 666.
Belloir, P., Lessire, M., Berri, C., Lambert, W., Corrent, and Tesseraud, E. (2015). Revisiting Amino Acid Nutrition. 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, 24th – 27th August, 2015, Prague, Czech Republic.
Benitez, L. V. (1989). Amino acid and fatty acid profiles in aquaculture nutrition studies. In: S.S. De Silva (Ed.). Fish Nutrition Research in Asia. Proceedings of the Third Asian Fish Nutrition Network Meeting. Asian fish. Society Special Publication. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila Philippines, pp. 23- 35.
Boateng, M., Okai, D. B. and Donkoh, A. (2008). Palm kernel cake extraction and utilization in pig and poultry diets in Ghana. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20(7). http://www.lrrd.org>boat20099. Last accessed 08.09.2024.
Carrera, C. S., Reynoso, C. M., Funes, G. J., Martinez, M. J., dardanelli, J. and Resnik, S. L. (2011). Amino acid composition of soybean seeds as affected by climatic variables. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. Brasilia, 46(12):1579 – 1587.
Conde-Aguilera, J.A., C. Cobo-Ortega, S. Tesseraud, M. Lessire, Y. Mercier, and Van Milgen, J. (2013). Changes in body composition in broilers by a sulphur amino acid deficiency during growth. Poultry Science, 92: 1266-1275.
D’Mello, J. P. F. (2003). Amino acids as multifunctional molecules. J. P. F. D’Mello (ed). In Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, 2nd ed., CABI Publishing, pp. 1 – 14.
Dozier, W. A., A. Corzo, M. T. Kidd, P. B. Tillman, J. P. Mcmurtry, S. L. and Branton (2010). Digestible lysine requirements of male broilers from 28 to 42 days of age. Poultry Science, 89: 2173-2182.
FAO (2019). Africa Sustainable Livestock: transforming livestock sector, Nigeria. What do long-term projections say? Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
Georges, A. N., Olivier, C. K., and Simard, R. E. (1992). Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.: Chemical composition of the fruit pulp. Journal of American Oil and Chemical Society, 69(4): 317–320.
Ishibashi, T. and Ohta, Y. (1999). Recent advances in amino acid nutrition for efficient poultry production. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 12(8): 1299 – 1309.
Kidd, M.T., Kerr, B.J., Allard, J.P., Rao, S.K. and Halley, J.T. (2000). Limiting amino acids responses in commercial broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Science, 9: 223 - 233.
Kong, C. and Adeola, O. (2014). Evaluation of amino acid and energy utilization in feedstuff for swine and poultry diets. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 27:917 – 925.
Leaky, R. R. B., Tientcheu Avana, M. T., Awazi, N. P., Assogbadjo, Mabhaudi, T., Hendre, P. S., Degrande, A., Hlahla, S. and Manda, L. (2022). The future of food: domestication and commercialization of indigenous food crops in Africa over the third decade (2012–2021). Sustainability 14:2355.
Lewes, A J. (2003). Methionine-cystine relationships in pig nutrition. In J. P. F. D’Mello (ed), Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, 2nd ed. CABI Publishing, pp. 143 – 155.
McDonald, P., R. A. Edwards, J. F. D. Greenhalgh, C. A. Morgan, L. A. and Sinclair, R. G. Wilkinson (2010). Animal Nutrition, 7th ed. Pearson, p. 371.
Mogana, R. and Wiart, C. (2011). Canarium L.: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(8): 2482-2489.
Morita, T., Oh-hashi, A., Takei, K., Ikai, M., Kasaoka, S. and Kiriyama, S. (1997). Cholesterol lowering-effect of soybean, potato and rice proteins depend on their low methionine contents in rats fed a cholesterol-free purified diet. Journal of Nutrition, 127:440 – 447.
Mota, C., Santos, M., Mauro, R., Samman, N., Matos, A. S., Torres, D., and Castanheira, I. (2016). Protein content and amino acids profile of pseudocereals. Food Chemistry, 193: 55–61. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.043.
NIAS (2020). National listing of feed ingredients for commercial feed mills in Nigeria. Nigerian Institute of Animal Science. Ref: NIAS/RA/LFI – 2020. Available at https://www.nias.gov.ng.
Nwokolo, E. N., Bragg, D. B. and Kitts, W. D. (1976). The availability of amino acids from palm kernel, soybean, cottonseed and rapeseed meal for the growing chick. Poultry Science, 55: 2300–2304.
Obame, L. C., Koudou, J., Kumulungui, B. S., Bassolé1, I. H. N., Edou, P., Ouattara, A. S. and Traoré, A. S. (2007). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. essential oil from Centrafrican Republic. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(20): 2319-2323.
Ogbuewu, I.P., Jiwuba, P.D., Ezeokeke, C.T., Uchegbu, M.C., Okoli, I.C. and
Iloeje, U. (2014). Evaluation of phytochemical and nutritional composition of ginger rhizome powder. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 17(1): 1663 – 1670.
Tomičić, Z. M., Spasevski, N. J., Popović, N. J., Banjac, V. V., Duragić, O. M., and Tomičić, O. M. (2020). By-products of the oil industry as sources of amino acids in feed. Food and Feed Research, 47(2): 131 – 137.
Wu, G., Bazer, F.W., Burghardt, R.C., Johnson, G.A., Kim, SW., Knabe, D.A., Li, X.L., Satterfield, M.C. and Smith, S.B. (2010). Functional amino acids in swine nutrition and production. In J. Doppenberg (Ed.). Dynamics in Animal Nutrition. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 69 – 98.
Xu Y. Q., Guo Y. W., Shi B. L., Yan S. M., and Guo X. Y. (2018). Dietary arginine supplementation enhances the growth performance and immune status of broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 209: 8–13.
Alimon, A. R. (2004). The nutritive value of palm kernel cake for animal feed. Palm Oil Developments, 40: 12-14.
Angbulu-Oche, A. O., Duru, S., Bawa, G. S. and Onimisi, P. A. (2024). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of black olive (Canarium schweinfurthii) seed meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 7(1): 1 – 9.
AOAC (2006). Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 18th ed. W. Horwitz (Ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington; D. C.
Ashom, S. A. and Ajiji, I. (2022). Proximate and detergent fiber fractions of de-oiled African olive (Canarium schweinfurthi Engl.): a potential animal feedstuff. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 44(12): 1-5.
Aviagen (2014). ROSS 308 Nutrition Specifications. https://www.aviagen.com. Last accessed 21.08. 2023.
Ayoade, G. W., Amoo, I. A., Jabar, J. M., Ojo, A. M., and Maduawuchi, C. O. (2017). Proximate, minerals and amino acid profile of (Canarium schweinfurthii) seed pulp. International Journal of Science and Technology, 6(1): 657 – 666.
Belloir, P., Lessire, M., Berri, C., Lambert, W., Corrent, and Tesseraud, E. (2015). Revisiting Amino Acid Nutrition. 20th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, 24th – 27th August, 2015, Prague, Czech Republic.
Benitez, L. V. (1989). Amino acid and fatty acid profiles in aquaculture nutrition studies. In: S.S. De Silva (Ed.). Fish Nutrition Research in Asia. Proceedings of the Third Asian Fish Nutrition Network Meeting. Asian fish. Society Special Publication. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila Philippines, pp. 23- 35.
Boateng, M., Okai, D. B. and Donkoh, A. (2008). Palm kernel cake extraction and utilization in pig and poultry diets in Ghana. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20(7). http://www.lrrd.org>boat20099. Last accessed 08.09.2024.
Carrera, C. S., Reynoso, C. M., Funes, G. J., Martinez, M. J., dardanelli, J. and Resnik, S. L. (2011). Amino acid composition of soybean seeds as affected by climatic variables. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. Brasilia, 46(12):1579 – 1587.
Conde-Aguilera, J.A., C. Cobo-Ortega, S. Tesseraud, M. Lessire, Y. Mercier, and Van Milgen, J. (2013). Changes in body composition in broilers by a sulphur amino acid deficiency during growth. Poultry Science, 92: 1266-1275.
D’Mello, J. P. F. (2003). Amino acids as multifunctional molecules. J. P. F. D’Mello (ed). In Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, 2nd ed., CABI Publishing, pp. 1 – 14.
Dozier, W. A., A. Corzo, M. T. Kidd, P. B. Tillman, J. P. Mcmurtry, S. L. and Branton (2010). Digestible lysine requirements of male broilers from 28 to 42 days of age. Poultry Science, 89: 2173-2182.
FAO (2019). Africa Sustainable Livestock: transforming livestock sector, Nigeria. What do long-term projections say? Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
Georges, A. N., Olivier, C. K., and Simard, R. E. (1992). Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.: Chemical composition of the fruit pulp. Journal of American Oil and Chemical Society, 69(4): 317–320.
Ishibashi, T. and Ohta, Y. (1999). Recent advances in amino acid nutrition for efficient poultry production. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 12(8): 1299 – 1309.
Kidd, M.T., Kerr, B.J., Allard, J.P., Rao, S.K. and Halley, J.T. (2000). Limiting amino acids responses in commercial broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Science, 9: 223 - 233.
Kong, C. and Adeola, O. (2014). Evaluation of amino acid and energy utilization in feedstuff for swine and poultry diets. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 27:917 – 925.
Leaky, R. R. B., Tientcheu Avana, M. T., Awazi, N. P., Assogbadjo, Mabhaudi, T., Hendre, P. S., Degrande, A., Hlahla, S. and Manda, L. (2022). The future of food: domestication and commercialization of indigenous food crops in Africa over the third decade (2012–2021). Sustainability 14:2355.
Lewes, A J. (2003). Methionine-cystine relationships in pig nutrition. In J. P. F. D’Mello (ed), Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, 2nd ed. CABI Publishing, pp. 143 – 155.
McDonald, P., R. A. Edwards, J. F. D. Greenhalgh, C. A. Morgan, L. A. and Sinclair, R. G. Wilkinson (2010). Animal Nutrition, 7th ed. Pearson, p. 371.
Mogana, R. and Wiart, C. (2011). Canarium L.: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(8): 2482-2489.
Morita, T., Oh-hashi, A., Takei, K., Ikai, M., Kasaoka, S. and Kiriyama, S. (1997). Cholesterol lowering-effect of soybean, potato and rice proteins depend on their low methionine contents in rats fed a cholesterol-free purified diet. Journal of Nutrition, 127:440 – 447.
Mota, C., Santos, M., Mauro, R., Samman, N., Matos, A. S., Torres, D., and Castanheira, I. (2016). Protein content and amino acids profile of pseudocereals. Food Chemistry, 193: 55–61. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.043.
NIAS (2020). National listing of feed ingredients for commercial feed mills in Nigeria. Nigerian Institute of Animal Science. Ref: NIAS/RA/LFI – 2020. Available at https://www.nias.gov.ng.
Nwokolo, E. N., Bragg, D. B. and Kitts, W. D. (1976). The availability of amino acids from palm kernel, soybean, cottonseed and rapeseed meal for the growing chick. Poultry Science, 55: 2300–2304.
Obame, L. C., Koudou, J., Kumulungui, B. S., Bassolé1, I. H. N., Edou, P., Ouattara, A. S. and Traoré, A. S. (2007). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. essential oil from Centrafrican Republic. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(20): 2319-2323.
Ogbuewu, I.P., Jiwuba, P.D., Ezeokeke, C.T., Uchegbu, M.C., Okoli, I.C. and
Iloeje, U. (2014). Evaluation of phytochemical and nutritional composition of ginger rhizome powder. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 17(1): 1663 – 1670.
Tomičić, Z. M., Spasevski, N. J., Popović, N. J., Banjac, V. V., Duragić, O. M., and Tomičić, O. M. (2020). By-products of the oil industry as sources of amino acids in feed. Food and Feed Research, 47(2): 131 – 137.
Wu, G., Bazer, F.W., Burghardt, R.C., Johnson, G.A., Kim, SW., Knabe, D.A., Li, X.L., Satterfield, M.C. and Smith, S.B. (2010). Functional amino acids in swine nutrition and production. In J. Doppenberg (Ed.). Dynamics in Animal Nutrition. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 69 – 98.
Xu Y. Q., Guo Y. W., Shi B. L., Yan S. M., and Guo X. Y. (2018). Dietary arginine supplementation enhances the growth performance and immune status of broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 209: 8–13.
Published
2025-02-21
How to Cite
Ashom, S. A., Yohanna, I. G., & Yakubu, R. N. (2025). Amino Acid Composition of Defatted African Olive (Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.) Residue: a Potential Poultry Feedstuff. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 7(4), 197 - 204. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/390
Section
Articles
