Mineral and Anti-Nutritional Factor Composition of Oil Extracted African Olive (Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.) Residue: Implications in Animal Nutrition
Keywords:
Minerals, Anti-nutrients, defatted African olive, Animals
Abstract
Mineral and anti-nutritional factors of defatted African olive (Canarium schweinfurthii) residue were determined using standard procedures. Cationic composition of potassium and calcium were relatively high while sodium was low. Na:K ratio is less than 1.0, optimal for electrolyte balance and recommended for healthy feeding of animals. Calcium was low (0.2874 ± 0.006%) and phosphorus was high (0.4137 ± 0.007%). Ca:P ratio (0.69) was lower than the requirement for most animals, but falls within acceptable limits for feedstuffs. Quantities of Cu, Zn, Se and Mn were lower relative to other elements analyzed. The contents of cyanogenic glycoside (0.54 ± 0.0629 mg/100g), saponin (0.09 ± 0.0258%), tannin (16.30 ± 4.2091 mg/100g) and phenol (0.41 ± 0.0566%) in the residue were low. In contrast, however, phytate, oxalate, alkaloids and trypsin inhibitor activity were high, implying the possibility of binding minerals and nutrients from gut metabolism. Processing and feeding trials to maximize the nutritional benefits of this residue in animal production systems are recommended.
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References
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Okpanachi, U. Ayoade, J. A. and Tuleun, C. D. (2016). Composition and anti-nutritional factors (phytonutrients) present in both red and yellow varieties of sun-dried cashew pulp. American Journal of Food Science and Health, 2(4):45 – 48.
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Wall, M. E., Eddy, C. R., McClenna, M. L. and Klump, M. E. (1952). Detection and estimation of steroid and sapogenins in plant tissue. Analytical Chemistry, 24:1337-1342.
Acamovic, T. and Brooker, J. D. (2005). Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 64: 403 – 412.
Aji, M. M., Gutti, B., Highina, B. K. and Kyari, S. A. (2015). Soxhlet extraction and characterization of oil from Canarium schweinfurthii (black date) fruits for domestic purpose. Applied Research Journal, 1(2):41 - 45.
Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Tiwari, R., Yatoo, M. I. Karthik, K., Michalak, I. and Dhama, K. (2021). Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review, Veterinary Quarterly, 41(1):1 - 29. DOI:10.1080/01652176.2020.1857887
Alimon, A. R. (2004). The nutritive value of palm kernel cake for animal feed. Palm Oil Developments, 40:12 - 14.
Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis (1979). Analysis of analytical methods committee of Royal Society of Chemistry. Analytical Methods Committee - Royal Society of Chemistry, 9:156 - 189.
Alu, S. E. and Randa, E. A. (2018). Nutritional value of shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) seed meal affected by different days of natural fermentation. Nigerian Annals of Pure and Applied Sciences, 1: 196 – 201.
Arantes, U. M., Stringhini, J. H., Oliveira, M. C., Martins, P. C., Rezende, P. M., Andrade, P. M., Leandro, N. S. M. and Café, M. B. (2013). Effect of different electrolyte balance in broiler diet. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 15(3): 169 – 286.
Ashom, S. A. and Ajiji, I. (2022). Proximate and detergent fiber fractions of de-oiled African Olive (Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.) residue: a potential animal feedstuff. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 44(12): 1 – 5.
Aviagen (2014). Ross 308 Nutrition Specifications. https://www.aviagen.com. Last accessed 21.08. 2023.
Ayoade, G. W., Amoo, I. A., Jabar, J. M., Ojo, A. M., and Maduawuchi, C. O. (2017). Proximate, minerals and amino acid profile of (Canarium schweinfurthii) seed pulp. International Journal of Science and Technology, 6(1): 657 – 666.
Azizi, M. N., Loh, T. C., Foo, H. L., and Teik Chung, E. L. (2021). Is palm kernel cake a suitable alternative feed ingredient for poultry? Animals, 11: 338 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020338.
Bora, P. (2014). Antinutritional factors in foods and their effects. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research. 3(6): 285 - 290.
DFID (2006). Poisons and anti-nutritive factors. https://www.smallstock.info/feed/feedhealth/poisondata. Accessed 07.08.2023.
Ehirim, F. N., Agomuo, J. K. and Okoro-Ugo, C. P. (2015). Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Factors of Bullet Pear (Canarium Schweinfurthii). Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 9(2): 49 – 52.
Georges, A. N., Olivier, C. K., Simard, R. E (1992). Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.: chemical composition of the fruit pulp. Journal of American Oil and Chemical Society, 69(4):317 – 320.
Harborne, J. B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman A and Hall, London, pp. 49 - 279.
Hwang, D. L., Yang, W. K. and Foard, D. E. (1978). Rapid release of protease inhibitors from soybeans: immunochemical quantification and parallels with lectins. Plant Physiology, 61: 30 – 34.
Jansman, A. J. M. (1993). Tannins in feedstuffs for simple stomached animals. Nutrition Research Reviews, 6: 209 - 236.
Jenkins, K. J. and Atwal, A. S. (1994). Effects dietary saponins on fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, and availability of vitamins A and E in the chick. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 5:134 – 138.
Kakade, M. L., Hoffa, D. E. and Liener, I. E. (1974). Contribution of trypsin inhibitors to the deleterious effects of unheated soybean fed to rats. Journal of Nutrition, 103:1772 - 1779.
Kakade, M. L., Simons, N., and Liener, I. E. (1969). An evaluation of natural versus synthetic substrates for measuring the antitryptic activity of soybean samples. Cereal Chemistry, 46:518 - 526.
Leakey, R. R. B., Avana, M. T., Awazi, N. P., Assogbadjo, A. E., Mabhaudhi, T., Hendre, P. S., Degrande, A., Hlahla, S. and Manda, L. (2022). The future of food: domestication and commercialization of indigenous food crops in Africa over the third decade (2012–2021). Sustainability, 14 (2355): 1 - 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042355. Last accessed 29.08.2023.
Macrae, R., Robinson, R.K. and Sadler, M.J. (1993). Encyclopedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition. Academy Press, London, U.K., 6:3999pp.
Maga, J. A. (1982). Phytate: its chemistry, occurrence, food Interactions, nutritional significance, and methods of Analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 30(1): 1 - 9.
Mihrete, Y. (2019). Review on antinutritional factors and their effect on mineral absorption. ACTA Scientific Nutritional Health, 3(2):84 – 89.
Mogana, R. and C. Wiart (2011). Canarium L.: a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(8):2482-2489.
Trease, G. E., Evans, W. C. (1989). A Text-book of Pharmacognosy. Bailliere Tindall Ltd, London, pp. 1 - 53.
Ngbolua, K. N., Lengbiye, E. M., Lumande, J. K., Mpiana, P. T. (2015). Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Burseraceae): an updated review and future direction for sickle cell disease. Journal of Advancement in Medical and Life Sciences, 3(3): 1 – 5. DOI: 10.15297/JALS.V3I3.05,
NIAS (2021). National listing of feed ingredients for commercial feed mills in Nigeria. Nigerian Institute of Animal Science, Ref: NIAS/RA/LAFI – 2021. https://www.nias.gov.ng. Accessed 29.12.2023.
Nieman, D.C., Butterworth, D.E. and Nieman, C.N. (1992). Nutrition. WmC. Brown, Dbugye, USA. p. 237 - 312.
Nyam, M. A., Makut, M.D., Itelima, J.U. and Daniel, A.M. (2014). Nutritional Potential of the fruits of black olive (Canarium schweinfurthii Linn) from Plateau State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 13(6): 335 - 339.
Ogbuagu, M.N. and Chukwuka, U.V. (2014). The nutrient composition of Pili Fruit (Canarium Ovatum) kernel. Elixir Applied Chemistry, 67:21565 – 21568.
Okpanachi, U. Ayoade, J. A. and Tuleun, C. D. (2016). Composition and anti-nutritional factors (phytonutrients) present in both red and yellow varieties of sun-dried cashew pulp. American Journal of Food Science and Health, 2(4):45 – 48.
Onwuka, G. I. (2005). Food Analysis and Instrumentation. Naphthali Print, Lagos, Nigeria.
Perilla, N. S., Cruz, M. P., De Belalcazar, F. and Diaz, G. J. (1997). Effect of temperature of wet extrusion on the nutritional value of full-fat soya beans for broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 38: 412 – 416.
Ramteke, R., Doneria, R. and Gendley, M. K. (2019). Antinutritional factors in feed and fodder used for livestock and poultry feeding. ACTA Scientific Nutritional Health, 3(5): 39 – 48.
Schaible, P. J. (1940). The minerals in poultry nutrition - a review. 473:278 – 288. https://www.sciencedirect.com>pii. Last accessed 08.09.2024.
Shahidi, F. (1997). Beneficial Health Effects and Drawbacks of Antinutrients and Phytochemicals in Foods. ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 9 pp. Accessed 13.08.2019.
Soetan, K. O. and Oyewole, O. E. (2009). The need for adequate processing to reduce the antinutritional factors in plants used as human foods and animal feeds: A review. African Journal of Food Science, 3(9): 223 – 232.
Sofowora, A. (1993). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicines in Africa. Chichester John Willey & Sons New York, 256 pp.
Tadele, Y. (2015). Important anti-nutritional substances and inherent toxicants of feeds. Food Science and Quality Management, 36: 40 – 47.
Wall, M. E., Eddy, C. R., McClenna, M. L. and Klump, M. E. (1952). Detection and estimation of steroid and sapogenins in plant tissue. Analytical Chemistry, 24:1337-1342.
Published
2025-02-10
How to Cite
Ashom, S. A., & Yohanna, I. G. (2025). Mineral and Anti-Nutritional Factor Composition of Oil Extracted African Olive (Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.) Residue: Implications in Animal Nutrition. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 7(4), 189 -196. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/389
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