Supplementary Feeding of Crossbred Lactating Cows with Rations Formulated with Some Non-conventional Feeds in a Semi-arid Borno State
Keywords:
Keywords: Crossbreds, dairy cows, Lactating, Milk, composition, yield, Non-conventional feeds.
Abstract
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of supplementary feeding of crossbred lactating cows with rations formulated from alternative protein and energy feed ingredients on milk yield, composition, and profitability. Eight (8) crossbred lactating cows were used in a 4×4 Latin Square Design (LSD) to evaluate four (4) dietary treatments combining energy and protein supplements at a 60:40 ratio. The results showed that effect of diet varied significantly (P<0.05) in composition, with crude protein (CP) ranging from 10.96% to 15.26% and crude fibre from 17.06% to 31.77%. Milk composition differed (P<0.05) significantly across treatments, with T2 having the highest CP (4.5%), lactose (5.12%) and solid-non fat (10.33%), while T1 has the highest fat (9.25%). Milk yield was highest in T1, but T2 achieved the best cost–benefit ratio, producing the highest net profit despite moderate yields. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between milk yield and fat, and between CP and lactose, ash, and solids-not-fat (SNF). The findings indicate that locally available alternative feed resources can enhance milk quality and mineral content, with T1 offering superior nutritional value and T2 delivering optimal economic returns for smallholder dairy systems.
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References
References
Adebiyi, A. O., Oluwafemi, R. A. and Yusuf, A. B. (2017). Utilization of agricultural by-products as alternative feed ingredients in livestock diets: A review. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 5(2): 45-56.
Amole, T. A., Ayodele, O. O. and Ojo, V. O. (2021). Nutritional evaluation of non-conventional feed resources in ruminant nutrition. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 8(4): 87-96.
Anele, U. Y., Arigbede, O. M., Südekum, K. H. and Oni, A. O. (2014). Feed resources and livestock production in the semi-arid regions of Nigeria: Challenges, prospects and way forward. Agricultural Research, 9(1): 12-24.
AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18th Edition, Washington, DC.
Auldist, M.J., O’Brien, G.C.D., Macmillan, K.L. and Grainger, C. (2007). Effects of varying lactation length on milk production capacity of cows in pasture-based dairying systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 3234-3241.
Fox, P.F., and McSweeney, P.L.H. (2015). Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. Springer, New York.
Lanyasunya, T.P., Rong, W.H., Abdulrazak, S.A., Kabura, P.K., Makori, J.O., Onyago, T.A. and Mwangi, D.M. (2006). Factors limiting use of poultry manure as protein supplement for dairy cattle on smallholder farms in Kenya. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 75- 80.
Malik, M.Y., Sheikh, A.A., Ahmad, I. and Rehman, M.Z. (1996). Chemical composition and nutritive value of common feedstuff. Food Animal Practice, 18: 327-338.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D., Morgan, C.A., Sinclair, L.A. and Wilkinson, R.G. (2011). Animal Nutrition. 7th Edition Longman. London. Pp. 665.
Moran, J. (2005). Tropical dairy farming: feeding management for small holder dairy farmers in the humid tropics. Landlinks Press. Pp. 51-59.
Ndubueze, A.I., Ukachukwu, S.N., Ahamefule, F.O. and Ibeawuchi, J.A. (2006). Milk yield and composition of grazing White Fulani cows fed poultry waste-cassava peel based diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5 (5): 436-440.
NiMet (Nigerian Meteorological Agency). Climate variability and trends in Maiduguri; 2020.
NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Ogunbosoye, D.O., Tona, G.O. and Otukoya, F.K. (2015). Evaluation of the nutritive value of selected browse plant species in the southern guinea savannah of Nigeria for feeding to ruminant animals. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 7 (4): 386-395.
Olorunnisomo, O. A., Fajemisin, A. N. and Oloruntoba, B. O. (2019). Prospects of utilizing agro-industrial by-products as livestock feed resources in sub-Saharan Africa. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(2): 521-532.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding Parent Stock. Zootech-International. Pp. 22-25.
Schwab, C.G., Huhtanen, P., Hunt, C.W., and Hvelplund, T. (2005). Nitrogen requirements of cattle. In: Pfeffer, E., Hristov, A.N. (Eds.), Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle. CABI Publishing, pp. 13-70.
Statistix (2013). Statistix 10.0: Analytical Software 2105 Miller Landing Rd. Tallahassee FL 32312 USA.
Tona, G.O., Adewumi, O.O. and Ojo, F.O. (2015). Early lactation milk yield and composition of grazing White Fulani cows fed dietary levels of soya milk residue in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 4 (6): 22-26.
Tona, G.O., Ogunbosoye, D.O., Babalola, D.D. and Oladimeji, R.T. (2017). Milk yield (offtake) and composition of White Fulani cows under free range grazing without and with concentrate supplementation. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10 (8): 22-27.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Vargas, G.A. (2004). What can we learn from fat and protein levels and ratios? Dairy and Animal Science Bulletin.
Walstra, P., Wouters, J.T.M. and Geurts, T.J. (2006). Dairy Science and Technology. 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Yusuf, A. M., Alawa, J. P. and Kibon, A. (2018). Sustainable utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products for ruminant feeding in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(3): 223-231
References
Adebiyi, A. O., Oluwafemi, R. A. and Yusuf, A. B. (2017). Utilization of agricultural by-products as alternative feed ingredients in livestock diets: A review. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 5(2): 45-56.
Amole, T. A., Ayodele, O. O. and Ojo, V. O. (2021). Nutritional evaluation of non-conventional feed resources in ruminant nutrition. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 8(4): 87-96.
Anele, U. Y., Arigbede, O. M., Südekum, K. H. and Oni, A. O. (2014). Feed resources and livestock production in the semi-arid regions of Nigeria: Challenges, prospects and way forward. Agricultural Research, 9(1): 12-24.
AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18th Edition, Washington, DC.
Auldist, M.J., O’Brien, G.C.D., Macmillan, K.L. and Grainger, C. (2007). Effects of varying lactation length on milk production capacity of cows in pasture-based dairying systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 3234-3241.
Fox, P.F., and McSweeney, P.L.H. (2015). Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. Springer, New York.
Lanyasunya, T.P., Rong, W.H., Abdulrazak, S.A., Kabura, P.K., Makori, J.O., Onyago, T.A. and Mwangi, D.M. (2006). Factors limiting use of poultry manure as protein supplement for dairy cattle on smallholder farms in Kenya. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 75- 80.
Malik, M.Y., Sheikh, A.A., Ahmad, I. and Rehman, M.Z. (1996). Chemical composition and nutritive value of common feedstuff. Food Animal Practice, 18: 327-338.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D., Morgan, C.A., Sinclair, L.A. and Wilkinson, R.G. (2011). Animal Nutrition. 7th Edition Longman. London. Pp. 665.
Moran, J. (2005). Tropical dairy farming: feeding management for small holder dairy farmers in the humid tropics. Landlinks Press. Pp. 51-59.
Ndubueze, A.I., Ukachukwu, S.N., Ahamefule, F.O. and Ibeawuchi, J.A. (2006). Milk yield and composition of grazing White Fulani cows fed poultry waste-cassava peel based diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5 (5): 436-440.
NiMet (Nigerian Meteorological Agency). Climate variability and trends in Maiduguri; 2020.
NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Ogunbosoye, D.O., Tona, G.O. and Otukoya, F.K. (2015). Evaluation of the nutritive value of selected browse plant species in the southern guinea savannah of Nigeria for feeding to ruminant animals. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 7 (4): 386-395.
Olorunnisomo, O. A., Fajemisin, A. N. and Oloruntoba, B. O. (2019). Prospects of utilizing agro-industrial by-products as livestock feed resources in sub-Saharan Africa. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(2): 521-532.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding Parent Stock. Zootech-International. Pp. 22-25.
Schwab, C.G., Huhtanen, P., Hunt, C.W., and Hvelplund, T. (2005). Nitrogen requirements of cattle. In: Pfeffer, E., Hristov, A.N. (Eds.), Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle. CABI Publishing, pp. 13-70.
Statistix (2013). Statistix 10.0: Analytical Software 2105 Miller Landing Rd. Tallahassee FL 32312 USA.
Tona, G.O., Adewumi, O.O. and Ojo, F.O. (2015). Early lactation milk yield and composition of grazing White Fulani cows fed dietary levels of soya milk residue in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 4 (6): 22-26.
Tona, G.O., Ogunbosoye, D.O., Babalola, D.D. and Oladimeji, R.T. (2017). Milk yield (offtake) and composition of White Fulani cows under free range grazing without and with concentrate supplementation. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10 (8): 22-27.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Vargas, G.A. (2004). What can we learn from fat and protein levels and ratios? Dairy and Animal Science Bulletin.
Walstra, P., Wouters, J.T.M. and Geurts, T.J. (2006). Dairy Science and Technology. 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Yusuf, A. M., Alawa, J. P. and Kibon, A. (2018). Sustainable utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products for ruminant feeding in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(3): 223-231
Adebiyi, A. O., Oluwafemi, R. A. and Yusuf, A. B. (2017). Utilization of agricultural by-products as alternative feed ingredients in livestock diets: A review. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 5(2): 45-56.
Amole, T. A., Ayodele, O. O. and Ojo, V. O. (2021). Nutritional evaluation of non-conventional feed resources in ruminant nutrition. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 8(4): 87-96.
Anele, U. Y., Arigbede, O. M., Südekum, K. H. and Oni, A. O. (2014). Feed resources and livestock production in the semi-arid regions of Nigeria: Challenges, prospects and way forward. Agricultural Research, 9(1): 12-24.
AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18th Edition, Washington, DC.
Auldist, M.J., O’Brien, G.C.D., Macmillan, K.L. and Grainger, C. (2007). Effects of varying lactation length on milk production capacity of cows in pasture-based dairying systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 3234-3241.
Fox, P.F., and McSweeney, P.L.H. (2015). Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. Springer, New York.
Lanyasunya, T.P., Rong, W.H., Abdulrazak, S.A., Kabura, P.K., Makori, J.O., Onyago, T.A. and Mwangi, D.M. (2006). Factors limiting use of poultry manure as protein supplement for dairy cattle on smallholder farms in Kenya. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 75- 80.
Malik, M.Y., Sheikh, A.A., Ahmad, I. and Rehman, M.Z. (1996). Chemical composition and nutritive value of common feedstuff. Food Animal Practice, 18: 327-338.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D., Morgan, C.A., Sinclair, L.A. and Wilkinson, R.G. (2011). Animal Nutrition. 7th Edition Longman. London. Pp. 665.
Moran, J. (2005). Tropical dairy farming: feeding management for small holder dairy farmers in the humid tropics. Landlinks Press. Pp. 51-59.
Ndubueze, A.I., Ukachukwu, S.N., Ahamefule, F.O. and Ibeawuchi, J.A. (2006). Milk yield and composition of grazing White Fulani cows fed poultry waste-cassava peel based diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5 (5): 436-440.
NiMet (Nigerian Meteorological Agency). Climate variability and trends in Maiduguri; 2020.
NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Ogunbosoye, D.O., Tona, G.O. and Otukoya, F.K. (2015). Evaluation of the nutritive value of selected browse plant species in the southern guinea savannah of Nigeria for feeding to ruminant animals. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 7 (4): 386-395.
Olorunnisomo, O. A., Fajemisin, A. N. and Oloruntoba, B. O. (2019). Prospects of utilizing agro-industrial by-products as livestock feed resources in sub-Saharan Africa. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(2): 521-532.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding Parent Stock. Zootech-International. Pp. 22-25.
Schwab, C.G., Huhtanen, P., Hunt, C.W., and Hvelplund, T. (2005). Nitrogen requirements of cattle. In: Pfeffer, E., Hristov, A.N. (Eds.), Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle. CABI Publishing, pp. 13-70.
Statistix (2013). Statistix 10.0: Analytical Software 2105 Miller Landing Rd. Tallahassee FL 32312 USA.
Tona, G.O., Adewumi, O.O. and Ojo, F.O. (2015). Early lactation milk yield and composition of grazing White Fulani cows fed dietary levels of soya milk residue in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 4 (6): 22-26.
Tona, G.O., Ogunbosoye, D.O., Babalola, D.D. and Oladimeji, R.T. (2017). Milk yield (offtake) and composition of White Fulani cows under free range grazing without and with concentrate supplementation. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10 (8): 22-27.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Vargas, G.A. (2004). What can we learn from fat and protein levels and ratios? Dairy and Animal Science Bulletin.
Walstra, P., Wouters, J.T.M. and Geurts, T.J. (2006). Dairy Science and Technology. 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Yusuf, A. M., Alawa, J. P. and Kibon, A. (2018). Sustainable utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products for ruminant feeding in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(3): 223-231
References
Adebiyi, A. O., Oluwafemi, R. A. and Yusuf, A. B. (2017). Utilization of agricultural by-products as alternative feed ingredients in livestock diets: A review. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 5(2): 45-56.
Amole, T. A., Ayodele, O. O. and Ojo, V. O. (2021). Nutritional evaluation of non-conventional feed resources in ruminant nutrition. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 8(4): 87-96.
Anele, U. Y., Arigbede, O. M., Südekum, K. H. and Oni, A. O. (2014). Feed resources and livestock production in the semi-arid regions of Nigeria: Challenges, prospects and way forward. Agricultural Research, 9(1): 12-24.
AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18th Edition, Washington, DC.
Auldist, M.J., O’Brien, G.C.D., Macmillan, K.L. and Grainger, C. (2007). Effects of varying lactation length on milk production capacity of cows in pasture-based dairying systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 3234-3241.
Fox, P.F., and McSweeney, P.L.H. (2015). Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. Springer, New York.
Lanyasunya, T.P., Rong, W.H., Abdulrazak, S.A., Kabura, P.K., Makori, J.O., Onyago, T.A. and Mwangi, D.M. (2006). Factors limiting use of poultry manure as protein supplement for dairy cattle on smallholder farms in Kenya. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 75- 80.
Malik, M.Y., Sheikh, A.A., Ahmad, I. and Rehman, M.Z. (1996). Chemical composition and nutritive value of common feedstuff. Food Animal Practice, 18: 327-338.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D., Morgan, C.A., Sinclair, L.A. and Wilkinson, R.G. (2011). Animal Nutrition. 7th Edition Longman. London. Pp. 665.
Moran, J. (2005). Tropical dairy farming: feeding management for small holder dairy farmers in the humid tropics. Landlinks Press. Pp. 51-59.
Ndubueze, A.I., Ukachukwu, S.N., Ahamefule, F.O. and Ibeawuchi, J.A. (2006). Milk yield and composition of grazing White Fulani cows fed poultry waste-cassava peel based diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5 (5): 436-440.
NiMet (Nigerian Meteorological Agency). Climate variability and trends in Maiduguri; 2020.
NRC (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Ogunbosoye, D.O., Tona, G.O. and Otukoya, F.K. (2015). Evaluation of the nutritive value of selected browse plant species in the southern guinea savannah of Nigeria for feeding to ruminant animals. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 7 (4): 386-395.
Olorunnisomo, O. A., Fajemisin, A. N. and Oloruntoba, B. O. (2019). Prospects of utilizing agro-industrial by-products as livestock feed resources in sub-Saharan Africa. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(2): 521-532.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding Parent Stock. Zootech-International. Pp. 22-25.
Schwab, C.G., Huhtanen, P., Hunt, C.W., and Hvelplund, T. (2005). Nitrogen requirements of cattle. In: Pfeffer, E., Hristov, A.N. (Eds.), Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle. CABI Publishing, pp. 13-70.
Statistix (2013). Statistix 10.0: Analytical Software 2105 Miller Landing Rd. Tallahassee FL 32312 USA.
Tona, G.O., Adewumi, O.O. and Ojo, F.O. (2015). Early lactation milk yield and composition of grazing White Fulani cows fed dietary levels of soya milk residue in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 4 (6): 22-26.
Tona, G.O., Ogunbosoye, D.O., Babalola, D.D. and Oladimeji, R.T. (2017). Milk yield (offtake) and composition of White Fulani cows under free range grazing without and with concentrate supplementation. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10 (8): 22-27.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Vargas, G.A. (2004). What can we learn from fat and protein levels and ratios? Dairy and Animal Science Bulletin.
Walstra, P., Wouters, J.T.M. and Geurts, T.J. (2006). Dairy Science and Technology. 2nd edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Yusuf, A. M., Alawa, J. P. and Kibon, A. (2018). Sustainable utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products for ruminant feeding in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(3): 223-231
Published
2026-01-29
How to Cite
*Modu-Kagu, H.A., Abdulazeez, H., 1Mohammed, A., Adamu, J., Yerima, J., Allamin, H., 2Babakura-Imam, Y, & 3Baba Ahmad, U. (2026). Supplementary Feeding of Crossbred Lactating Cows with Rations Formulated with Some Non-conventional Feeds in a Semi-arid Borno State. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 8(4), 170 - 179. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/538
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