Effect of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Extract on Nutrient Digestibility and Caecum Micro-biota of Broiler Chickens in Borno State
Keywords:
Keywords: Broiler Chickens, Digestibility, Lemon Grass, Micro-biota and Performance
Abstract
Abstract
An eight (8) weeks study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and caecum micro-biota of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty (120) day old chicks purchased from a reputable hatchery were used for the experiment. The birds were allotted to four (4) treatment groups having 30 birds per treatment and replicated thrice with 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were given ad-libitum and birds were vaccinated against common poultry diseases in the region. Lemongrass extract was administered to the birds in drinking water at varying levels: T1 (control), T2 (100 ml/l), T3 (150 ml/l) and T4 (200 ml/l). The results on growth performance showed significant (P<0.05) difference in daily weight gain, final weight and feed conversion ratio with T3 (150 ml/l) having the highest final weight gain. No significant (P>0.05) difference was recorded for initial weight and daily feed intake. The results of nutrient digestibility showed significant (P<0.05) difference in dry matter among treatment groups while crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) showed no significant (P>0.05) difference. Total bacterial count showed significant (P<0.05) difference among treatment groups with T4 (200 ml/l) having the highest. Individual bacterial count showed significant (P<0.05) difference for Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp, while the count for staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis indicated no significant (P>0.05) difference. Therefore, lemongrass extract can be used in broiler chicken production at 150 ml/l to enhance growth performance while keeping the microbial population in check.
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References
References
Abd-El-Hack, M.E., El-Saadony, A.A., Swelum, M., Arif, M.M., Abo-Ghanima, M., Shukry, A., Noreldin, A.E., Taha, K.A., El-Tarabilly, C. (2021). The active substance of turmeric: its effects on health and ways to improve its bioavailability. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture. 101: 5747-5762.
Adedokun, O.O., Onabanjo, R.S. and Okoye, L.C. (2019). Performance of broiler chickens fed graded levels of poultry meat meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 21(1): 194 – 203.
Ademola, S., Farinu, G. and Babatunde, G. (2009). Serum lipid, growth and haematological parameters of broilers fed garlic, ginger and their mixtures. World Journal of Agricultural Science. 5:99–104.
Akin-Osanaiye, B.C., Gabriel, A.F., Salau, T.O. and Murana, O.O. (2018). Chrysophyllum aldidum seed (African star apple) as an additive in agricultural feed and a potent antimicrobial. Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Feed Science. 6(5): 107-113.
Asadi, N., Husseini, S.D., Tohidian, M.T., Abdali, N., Mimandipoure, A., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., and Bahmani, M. (2017). Performance of broilers supplemented with peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) powder. Journal of Evidence-base Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 22(4): 203-706.
A.O.A.C. (1990). Official methods of analysis. 21st Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington D.C. USA.
Biu, A.A., Maimunatu, A., Salamatu, A.F. and Agbadu, E.T. (2009). A faecal survey of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants on University of Maiduguri Research Farm. International Journal of Biomedical Health Science. 28: 93-118.
Cheeke, P.R. and Meyer, R.O. (1975) Nutrition of Broiler chickens. Nutrient Requirement International, 5: 259-266.
Chokshi, A., Sifri, Z., Cennimo, D. and Horng, H. (2019). Global contributors to antibiotic resistance. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 11(1): 36–42.
Craig, W.J. (1999). Health promoting properties of common herbs. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(3): 491-499.
Das, A. and Singh, G.P. (1999). Effect of different levels berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) supplementation of wheat straw on some physical factors regulating intake and digestion. Animal Feed and Science Technology. 81(1-2): 133-149.
Duwa, H., Amaza, I.B., Dikko, M.I., Raymond, J.B. and Paullyne, U.O. (2020). Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of finisher broiler in semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 22(3): 279-286.
El-Deep, M.H., Ijiri, D., Eid, Y.Z., Yamanaka, H. and Ohtsuka, A. (2014). Effect of dietary supplementation with Aspergillus awamori on growth performance and antioxidative status of broiler chickens exposed to high ambient temperature. Journal of Poultry Science, 51:281-288.
El-Komy, H., El-Azayem, E. and Yonan, G. (2020). Effect of dietary lemongrass oil or vitamin E on performance, digestibility Coefficients, carcass traits and meat quality of rabbits. Egyptian Journal of Rabbit Science. 30: 93-109.
Herawati, H. (2010). The effect of feeding red ginger as phytobiotic on body weight gain, feed conversion and internal organs condition of broiler. International Journal of Poultry Science. 9:963-967.
Khan, R.U., Naz, S., Nikousefat, Z., Tufarelli, V., Javdani, M., Qureshi, M.S. and Laudadio, V. (2012). Potential application of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in poultry diets. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 68:245-252.
Linh, N., Guntoro, B., Hoang, Q.N. and Anhthu, N.T. (2020). Effect of sprouted rough rice on growth performance of local crossbred chickens. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 32: article 156.
Masuda, T., Kirikihira, T and Takeda, Y. (2005). Recovery of antioxidant activity from carnosol quinone: antioxidants obtained from a water-promoted conversion of carnosol quinone. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(17): 6831-6834.
Mmereole F.U.C. (2010). Effects of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaf meal feed supplement on growth performance of broiler chicks. Inter. Journal of Poultry Science, 9(12): 1107-1111.
Mukhtar A.M., Mohamed K.A., Amal, O.A, Ahlam, A.H., (2012). Effect of different levels of lemon grass oil (LGO) as a natural growth promoter on the performance, carcass yields and serum chemistry of broiler chicks. Egyptian Poultry Science, 33: 1-7.
Oluwafemi, R.A., Isiaka-Olawale, A. and Alagbe, J.O. (2020). Recent trends in the utilization of medicinal plants as growth promoters in poultry nutrition. Research in: Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences. 4(1):5-11.
Parade, A.K., Thombre, B.M., Patil, R., Padghan, P.N., Gaikwad, B.S. and Meshram, P. (2019). Use of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaf meal as a natural feed additive on growth performance and economics of broilers, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(10): 1842-1849.
Rafiu, T.A., Okunlola, D.O., Olasunkanmi, G.O and Pelemo, T.T. (2017). Nutritional evaluation of Adansonia digitata (Baobab fruit) as a replacement of maize in the diet of broiler chicken. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 2: 39 – 46.
Raji, M.O., Ogunjimi, J.T., Ogunbode, A.A., Ogungbenro, S.D., Osuolale, S.O. and Ajani, M.O. (2015). Performance characteristics and apparent nutrient digestibility of broiler finisher fed African yam bean cake as partial replacement for soybean meal. Archivos de Zootecnia. 64(246):175-178.
Sadekar, R.D., Kolte, A.Y., Barmase, B.S. and Desai, V.F. (1998). Immunopotentiating effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) dry leaves powder in broilers naturally affected with infectious bursal disease virus. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 36(11): 1151- 1153.
SAS. (2005). Statistical Analysis Software (CD-ROM), Version 8.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA.
Sherif, K. (2009). Performance of broiler chicks fed plant protein diets supplemented with commercial enzymes. Journal of Agricultural Science Mansoura University. 34:2819–2834.
Sorour, H.K., Hosny, R.A. and Elmasry, D.M.A. (2021). Effect of peppermint oil and its microemulsion on necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Veterinary World, 14(2): 483-491.
Tekeli, A., Tekeli, L., Celik, H.R. Kultu, M., and Gorgulu, A. (2006). Effect of dietary supplemental plant extracts on performance, carcass charactetistics, digestive sysem development, intestinal microflora and some blood parameters of broiler chcicken. XII European Poultry Conference, Italy.
Thayalini, K., Shanmugavelu, S., Saminathan, P.M., Masidayu, M.S., Nor Idayusni, Y., Zainuddin, H., Nurul Akmal, C.A. and Wong, H.K. (2011). Effect of Cymbopogon citratus leaf and zingiber officinale rhizome supplementation on growth performance, ileal morphology and lactic acid concentration in broilers. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science, 14: 43-49.
Wang, Z.R., Qiao, S.Y., Lu, W.Q. and Li, D.F. (2005). Effects of enzyme supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal morphology and volatile fatty acid profiles in the hindgut of broilers fed wheat-based diets. Poultry Science. 84: 875-881
Windhorst, H.W. (2006). Changes in poultry production and trade worldwide. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 62: 585-602
Abd-El-Hack, M.E., El-Saadony, A.A., Swelum, M., Arif, M.M., Abo-Ghanima, M., Shukry, A., Noreldin, A.E., Taha, K.A., El-Tarabilly, C. (2021). The active substance of turmeric: its effects on health and ways to improve its bioavailability. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture. 101: 5747-5762.
Adedokun, O.O., Onabanjo, R.S. and Okoye, L.C. (2019). Performance of broiler chickens fed graded levels of poultry meat meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 21(1): 194 – 203.
Ademola, S., Farinu, G. and Babatunde, G. (2009). Serum lipid, growth and haematological parameters of broilers fed garlic, ginger and their mixtures. World Journal of Agricultural Science. 5:99–104.
Akin-Osanaiye, B.C., Gabriel, A.F., Salau, T.O. and Murana, O.O. (2018). Chrysophyllum aldidum seed (African star apple) as an additive in agricultural feed and a potent antimicrobial. Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Feed Science. 6(5): 107-113.
Asadi, N., Husseini, S.D., Tohidian, M.T., Abdali, N., Mimandipoure, A., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., and Bahmani, M. (2017). Performance of broilers supplemented with peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) powder. Journal of Evidence-base Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 22(4): 203-706.
A.O.A.C. (1990). Official methods of analysis. 21st Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington D.C. USA.
Biu, A.A., Maimunatu, A., Salamatu, A.F. and Agbadu, E.T. (2009). A faecal survey of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminants on University of Maiduguri Research Farm. International Journal of Biomedical Health Science. 28: 93-118.
Cheeke, P.R. and Meyer, R.O. (1975) Nutrition of Broiler chickens. Nutrient Requirement International, 5: 259-266.
Chokshi, A., Sifri, Z., Cennimo, D. and Horng, H. (2019). Global contributors to antibiotic resistance. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 11(1): 36–42.
Craig, W.J. (1999). Health promoting properties of common herbs. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(3): 491-499.
Das, A. and Singh, G.P. (1999). Effect of different levels berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) supplementation of wheat straw on some physical factors regulating intake and digestion. Animal Feed and Science Technology. 81(1-2): 133-149.
Duwa, H., Amaza, I.B., Dikko, M.I., Raymond, J.B. and Paullyne, U.O. (2020). Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of finisher broiler in semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 22(3): 279-286.
El-Deep, M.H., Ijiri, D., Eid, Y.Z., Yamanaka, H. and Ohtsuka, A. (2014). Effect of dietary supplementation with Aspergillus awamori on growth performance and antioxidative status of broiler chickens exposed to high ambient temperature. Journal of Poultry Science, 51:281-288.
El-Komy, H., El-Azayem, E. and Yonan, G. (2020). Effect of dietary lemongrass oil or vitamin E on performance, digestibility Coefficients, carcass traits and meat quality of rabbits. Egyptian Journal of Rabbit Science. 30: 93-109.
Herawati, H. (2010). The effect of feeding red ginger as phytobiotic on body weight gain, feed conversion and internal organs condition of broiler. International Journal of Poultry Science. 9:963-967.
Khan, R.U., Naz, S., Nikousefat, Z., Tufarelli, V., Javdani, M., Qureshi, M.S. and Laudadio, V. (2012). Potential application of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in poultry diets. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 68:245-252.
Linh, N., Guntoro, B., Hoang, Q.N. and Anhthu, N.T. (2020). Effect of sprouted rough rice on growth performance of local crossbred chickens. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 32: article 156.
Masuda, T., Kirikihira, T and Takeda, Y. (2005). Recovery of antioxidant activity from carnosol quinone: antioxidants obtained from a water-promoted conversion of carnosol quinone. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(17): 6831-6834.
Mmereole F.U.C. (2010). Effects of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaf meal feed supplement on growth performance of broiler chicks. Inter. Journal of Poultry Science, 9(12): 1107-1111.
Mukhtar A.M., Mohamed K.A., Amal, O.A, Ahlam, A.H., (2012). Effect of different levels of lemon grass oil (LGO) as a natural growth promoter on the performance, carcass yields and serum chemistry of broiler chicks. Egyptian Poultry Science, 33: 1-7.
Oluwafemi, R.A., Isiaka-Olawale, A. and Alagbe, J.O. (2020). Recent trends in the utilization of medicinal plants as growth promoters in poultry nutrition. Research in: Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences. 4(1):5-11.
Parade, A.K., Thombre, B.M., Patil, R., Padghan, P.N., Gaikwad, B.S. and Meshram, P. (2019). Use of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaf meal as a natural feed additive on growth performance and economics of broilers, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(10): 1842-1849.
Rafiu, T.A., Okunlola, D.O., Olasunkanmi, G.O and Pelemo, T.T. (2017). Nutritional evaluation of Adansonia digitata (Baobab fruit) as a replacement of maize in the diet of broiler chicken. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 2: 39 – 46.
Raji, M.O., Ogunjimi, J.T., Ogunbode, A.A., Ogungbenro, S.D., Osuolale, S.O. and Ajani, M.O. (2015). Performance characteristics and apparent nutrient digestibility of broiler finisher fed African yam bean cake as partial replacement for soybean meal. Archivos de Zootecnia. 64(246):175-178.
Sadekar, R.D., Kolte, A.Y., Barmase, B.S. and Desai, V.F. (1998). Immunopotentiating effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) dry leaves powder in broilers naturally affected with infectious bursal disease virus. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 36(11): 1151- 1153.
SAS. (2005). Statistical Analysis Software (CD-ROM), Version 8.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA.
Sherif, K. (2009). Performance of broiler chicks fed plant protein diets supplemented with commercial enzymes. Journal of Agricultural Science Mansoura University. 34:2819–2834.
Sorour, H.K., Hosny, R.A. and Elmasry, D.M.A. (2021). Effect of peppermint oil and its microemulsion on necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Veterinary World, 14(2): 483-491.
Tekeli, A., Tekeli, L., Celik, H.R. Kultu, M., and Gorgulu, A. (2006). Effect of dietary supplemental plant extracts on performance, carcass charactetistics, digestive sysem development, intestinal microflora and some blood parameters of broiler chcicken. XII European Poultry Conference, Italy.
Thayalini, K., Shanmugavelu, S., Saminathan, P.M., Masidayu, M.S., Nor Idayusni, Y., Zainuddin, H., Nurul Akmal, C.A. and Wong, H.K. (2011). Effect of Cymbopogon citratus leaf and zingiber officinale rhizome supplementation on growth performance, ileal morphology and lactic acid concentration in broilers. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science, 14: 43-49.
Wang, Z.R., Qiao, S.Y., Lu, W.Q. and Li, D.F. (2005). Effects of enzyme supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal morphology and volatile fatty acid profiles in the hindgut of broilers fed wheat-based diets. Poultry Science. 84: 875-881
Windhorst, H.W. (2006). Changes in poultry production and trade worldwide. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 62: 585-602
How to Cite
*Balami, S.I., H Duwa,., Andrawus, S., Andrawus, S., & Abdullahi, A.A. (1). Effect of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Extract on Nutrient Digestibility and Caecum Micro-biota of Broiler Chickens in Borno State. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 8(4), 162- 170. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/537
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