Blood Profile of Broiler Chickens Administered with Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf
Keywords:
Keywords: Broilers, Moringa oleifera, Extract, Blood
Abstract
The study was undertaken to determine the blood profile of broilers fed aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaf. A total of 150, broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five treatment groups of thirty birds with 3 replicates of 10 birds each in a completely randomized design (CRD). Chickens were fed commercial broiler starter and finisher diets and aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf (AEMOL) was offered such that treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 contained 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 ml AEMOL/litre of water respectively. At 5th and 9th week of age, blood samples were collected for haematological and serum biochemical analysis respectively. Results showed significant (P<0.05) variations for haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC). AEMOL supplement significantly (P<0.05) enhanced total protein and serum albumin, and reduced glucose level of the broiler chickens. Serum cholesterol of finisher broiler was significantly (P<0.05) reduced at supplemental levels of 60 ml and 80 ml AEMOL/litre of water. Thus, the inclusion of AEMOL up to 80 ml improved blood characteristics and produced healthy birds with improved immunity.
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References
Aderemi, F.A. and Faniyi, T. O. (2013). Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens Fed Cassava Leaf Meal Based Diet. Proceedings of 38th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State. Pp.71-74.
Ahmad, Z., Hafeez, A., Ullah, Q., Naz, S. and Khan, R.U. (2020). Protective effect of Aloe vera on growth performance, leucocyte count and intestinal injury in broiler chicken infected with coccidiosis. J. appl. Anim. Res., 48: 252-256.
Ahmed, M., Marrez, D. A., Abdelmoeen, N. M., Mahmoud, E. A., Abdel-Shakur Ali, M., Decsi, K., and Tóth, Z. (2023). Proximate analysis of Moringa oleifera leaves and the antimicrobial activities of successive leaf ethanolic and aqueous extracts compared with green chemically synthesized Ag-NPs and crude aqueous extract against some pathogens. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4):3529.
Alabi, O. J., Ngambi, J., and Mbajiorgu, E. (2020). Aqueous extract of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf (AEMOL) on the growth, sensory and histology parameters of broiler chickens.
Animashahum, R.A., Omoikhoje, S.O. and Bamgbose, A.M. (2006). Hamatological and Biochemical indices of weaner Rabbits Fed Concentrates and Syndrella nodiflora forage supplement. Proceedings of 11th Annual conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 29-32.
Awosanya, B., Joseph, J.K., Apata, D.F. and Ayoola, M.A. (2000). Performance, blood chemistry and carcass quality and carcass quality attributes of rabbits fed raw and processed Puereria seed meal. Tropical Journal of Animal Science. 7:89-96.
Aye, P.A. and Adegun, M.K. (2013). Chemical Composition and some functional properties of Moringa, Leucaena and Gliricidia leaf meals. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 4(1): 71-77.
Babatunde, G.M., Fajimi, A.O., and Oyejide, A.O. (1992). Rubber seed oil versus palm oil in broiler chicken diets. Effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, haematology and carcass characteristics. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 35: 133-1
Bamishaiye, F.I., Olayemi, F.E., Awagu, E.F. and Bamishaiye, A.O. (2011). Proximate and Phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera leaves at three stages of maturation. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 3(4): 233-237.
Board, M.M., Crespo, R., Shah, D.H. and Faux, C.M. (2018). Biochemical Reference intervals for Backyard Hens. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 32(4):301-306.
Charles, W.Y., Marcel, D.B., Ahy, S. Philippe, A.N and Sabadenedyo, A.T. (2011) determination of chemical composition and Nutritional values of Moringa oleifera leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 10(3): 264 – 268.
Charoensin, S. (2014). Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Moringa oleifera leaves. Pp. 318-325.
Chattopadhyay, R.A. (1996). Possible mechanism of anti- hyperglycemic effects of Neem leaf extracts. Part IV. General Pharmacology 27: 431-434
Dacie, J.V. and Lewis, S.M. (1991). Practical Heamatology. Pub.: Churchill. Livingstone. London. Pp: 1-73.
Dhakad, A.K., Ikram, M., Sharma, S., Khan, S., Pandey, V.V., Singh, A., (2019). Biological, nutritional, and therapeutic significance of Moringa oleifera Lam. Phyther. Res. 33 (11): 2870–2903.
Dhakad, A. K., Singh, K., Oberoi, H. K., Kumar, V., and Shah, J. N. (2024). Proximate composition, mineral profiling and antioxidant potential in Moringa oleifera genotypes affected with leaf maturity stage. South African Journal of Botany, 168: 227-235.
Diagi, B.E. (2018). Analysis of rainfall trend and variability in Ebonyi State South Eastern Nigeria. Envtal. And Earth Sci. Res.J. 5(3): 53-57.
Dumas, B.T. and Briggs, H.G. (1972). Determination of serum albumin. In Cooper. G.E. (Ed); Standard methods of Clinical Chemistry”. New York: Academic Press, 7: 175-186
Essien, C. A., Sam, I. M., Okon, U. M., and Ndak, U. U. (2022). Effect of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal on the performance, carcass characteristics and lipid profile of finisher broiler chickens. AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 6(3): 213-223.
Ezz El-Din Ibrahim, M., Alqurashi, R.M. and Alfaraj, F.Y. (2022). Antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera and olive olea europaea l. Leaf powders and extracts on quality and oxidation stability of chicken burgers. Antioxidants. 11(3):496.
Feteris, W.A. (1965). A serum glucose method without protein precipitation. The American journal of Medical Technology, 31:17-21.
Igene, F.U. and Oboh, S.O. (2004). Growth performance and Haematological Response of cockerels fed Diets containing levels of Rice offal as replacement for Wheat offal. Proceedings of the 9th annual conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 20-22.
Islam, R., Beg, M. A. H., Begum, M., Rubel, M. Z. U. and Parvin, M. M. (2024). Effects of dietary incorporation of neem (Azadirachta indica), Moringa (Moringa oleifera), and Jute (Corchorus olitorius) leaf powder on production performance and blood indices of broiler chickens as a substitute of antibiotic. European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 6(2):46-50.
Jain, N.C. (1986). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. 4th Edn. Pp: 278-280
Jain, N.C. (1993). Essential of Veterinary Heamatology, Lea and Febiger; Philadelphia 417 pages
Kareem, D.U., Amos, A.T., Idowu, O.P.A., Bonagurio, LP. and Idowu, O.M.O. (2025). Blood profile as a health indicator in broiler chickens fed diets of different particle sizes supplemented with multienzyme. Agricultura tropica et subtropica, 57: 45-49.
Kelly W.R. (1979). Veterinary Clinical Diagnosis, 2nd Edn. Tindal London, pp: 266-267.
Khan, R.U., Naz, S., Ullah, H., Ullah, Q., Laudadio, V., Qudratullah, Bozzo, G. and Tufarelli, V. (2023a). Physiological dynamics in broiler chickens under heat stress and possible mitigation strategies. Anim. Biotechnol., 34: 438-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/1 0495398.2021.1972005
Marupanthorn, K., Krutthai, N., Wattanakul, W., Kedpanyapong, W., Setthaya, P., and Chaiwang, N. (2024). Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on growth performance, blood hematology, immunity, carcass, and meat quality of Mae Hong Son chicken: https://doi. org/10.12982/VIS. 2023.024. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 22(1):335-348.
Mendieta –Araica, B., Sporndly, R., Reyes – Sanchez, N., and Sporndly, E. (2011). Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a source of protein in locally produced concentrates for dairy cows fed low protein diet in tropical areas. Journal of Livestock Science. 137: 10 -17.
Moyo, B. Masika, P.J. and Muchaye, V. (2012). Anti-microbial activities of Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extract. African Journal of biotechnology, 11(11): 2797-2802.
Murali, L., Kumari, K. N. R., Nath, D. N. and Kumar, D. S. (2022). Haematological And Biochemical Indices of Broilers fed diet with Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM). Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 49(6):38-46.
Nikkon, F., Saud, A., Rahman, M.H. and Haque, M.E. (2003). In vitro anti-microbial activity of compound isolated from chloroform extract of Moringa oleifera. Pakistan Journal of Biological sciences. 6(22): 1888-1890.
Olugbemi, T.S., Mutayoba, S.K. and Lekule, F.P. (2009). Evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal inclusion in cassava chip based diet on egg quality of laying birds. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Pp. 407-410.
Olugbemi, T.S., Mutayoba, S.K. and Lekule, F.P. (2010). Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) inclusion in cassava based diets fed to broiler chicken. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(4): 363-367.
Reitman, S. and Frankel, S, (1957). A Colorimetric determination of serum glutamic oxalo-acetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am. J. Clin. Path., 28: 56-63.
Sadamade A., Bolaji, O.S. and Adeboye, O.O. (2013). Proximate analysis, Mineral contents and functional properties of Moringa oleifera leaf protein Concentrate. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 4(6): 47-51.
Sharma, S., Poudel, S., Pantha, C., Munakarmi, R., Shrestha, R., Poudel, N., ... and Gurung, Y. B. (2025). Haematological and Biochemical Profiles in Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 8(3): 279-287.
Sofowora, A. (1993). Recent trends in research into African medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 38(2): 197-208.
Udedibie, A.B.I. and Opara C.C. (1998). Response of growing broilers and laying hens to dietary inclusion of leaf meal from Alchonia cordifolia. Anim. Feed. Sci. Tech., 71: 157-164.
Ullah, S., Ramzan, F., Khan, M.S. and Ullah, S. (2024). Effects of Moringa oleifera on Growth Biomarkers, Carcass Characteristics and Hematological Parameters of Broiler Chicken. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 1-7.
Verma, A. K., Pramanik, P., Gautam, S., Kumar, R., Verma, M. K. and Panday, G. (2022). Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on growth performance and haemato-biochemical indices of broiler chickens. Haryana Vet, 61(1): 90-94.
Vlacie, P.A., Panaite, T.D., Untea, A.E., Idriceanu, L. and Cornescu, G.M. (2021). Herbal plants as feed additives in broiler chicken diets. Archiva Zootechnica 24(2): 76-95.
Vollmerhaus, B. (1992). Anatomie der Vogel; In: Nickel, R.; Schummer, A.; Seiferle, E.; Lehrobuch der Anatomie der Haustiere: Bd. 5 Verlag Parey Berlin, Hamburg, 123-134.
Wasiam, J.A., Iddrisu, L.N., Damian Tom-Dery, Kwame, O.B. and Kwami, B.K. (2014). Nutrient composition of Moringa oleifera leaves from two agro ecological zones in Ghana. African Journal of Plant Science, 8(1): 65-71.
Xu, Y.B., Chen, G.L. and Guo, M.Q. (2019). Antioxidant and anti-inflamatory activities of the crude extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and their correlations with flavonoids. Antioxidants, 8(8):296.
Yulianto, A. B., Lamid, M., Lokapirnasari W. P., Al-Arif M. A., Sherasiya, A., Marbun, T. D., Khairullah, A. R., Kurniawan, S. C., Hasib, A., Silaen, O. S. M., Rehman, S. and Ayuti, S.R. (2024). Hematological and Performance Variables of Male Broiler Chickens Fed with Moringa oleifera Extract and Probiotic in Drinking Water. Tropical animal science Journal, 47(2):215-224
Aderemi, F.A. and Faniyi, T. O. (2013). Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens Fed Cassava Leaf Meal Based Diet. Proceedings of 38th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State. Pp.71-74.
Ahmad, Z., Hafeez, A., Ullah, Q., Naz, S. and Khan, R.U. (2020). Protective effect of Aloe vera on growth performance, leucocyte count and intestinal injury in broiler chicken infected with coccidiosis. J. appl. Anim. Res., 48: 252-256.
Ahmed, M., Marrez, D. A., Abdelmoeen, N. M., Mahmoud, E. A., Abdel-Shakur Ali, M., Decsi, K., and Tóth, Z. (2023). Proximate analysis of Moringa oleifera leaves and the antimicrobial activities of successive leaf ethanolic and aqueous extracts compared with green chemically synthesized Ag-NPs and crude aqueous extract against some pathogens. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4):3529.
Alabi, O. J., Ngambi, J., and Mbajiorgu, E. (2020). Aqueous extract of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf (AEMOL) on the growth, sensory and histology parameters of broiler chickens.
Animashahum, R.A., Omoikhoje, S.O. and Bamgbose, A.M. (2006). Hamatological and Biochemical indices of weaner Rabbits Fed Concentrates and Syndrella nodiflora forage supplement. Proceedings of 11th Annual conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 29-32.
Awosanya, B., Joseph, J.K., Apata, D.F. and Ayoola, M.A. (2000). Performance, blood chemistry and carcass quality and carcass quality attributes of rabbits fed raw and processed Puereria seed meal. Tropical Journal of Animal Science. 7:89-96.
Aye, P.A. and Adegun, M.K. (2013). Chemical Composition and some functional properties of Moringa, Leucaena and Gliricidia leaf meals. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 4(1): 71-77.
Babatunde, G.M., Fajimi, A.O., and Oyejide, A.O. (1992). Rubber seed oil versus palm oil in broiler chicken diets. Effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, haematology and carcass characteristics. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 35: 133-1
Bamishaiye, F.I., Olayemi, F.E., Awagu, E.F. and Bamishaiye, A.O. (2011). Proximate and Phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera leaves at three stages of maturation. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 3(4): 233-237.
Board, M.M., Crespo, R., Shah, D.H. and Faux, C.M. (2018). Biochemical Reference intervals for Backyard Hens. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 32(4):301-306.
Charles, W.Y., Marcel, D.B., Ahy, S. Philippe, A.N and Sabadenedyo, A.T. (2011) determination of chemical composition and Nutritional values of Moringa oleifera leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 10(3): 264 – 268.
Charoensin, S. (2014). Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Moringa oleifera leaves. Pp. 318-325.
Chattopadhyay, R.A. (1996). Possible mechanism of anti- hyperglycemic effects of Neem leaf extracts. Part IV. General Pharmacology 27: 431-434
Dacie, J.V. and Lewis, S.M. (1991). Practical Heamatology. Pub.: Churchill. Livingstone. London. Pp: 1-73.
Dhakad, A.K., Ikram, M., Sharma, S., Khan, S., Pandey, V.V., Singh, A., (2019). Biological, nutritional, and therapeutic significance of Moringa oleifera Lam. Phyther. Res. 33 (11): 2870–2903.
Dhakad, A. K., Singh, K., Oberoi, H. K., Kumar, V., and Shah, J. N. (2024). Proximate composition, mineral profiling and antioxidant potential in Moringa oleifera genotypes affected with leaf maturity stage. South African Journal of Botany, 168: 227-235.
Diagi, B.E. (2018). Analysis of rainfall trend and variability in Ebonyi State South Eastern Nigeria. Envtal. And Earth Sci. Res.J. 5(3): 53-57.
Dumas, B.T. and Briggs, H.G. (1972). Determination of serum albumin. In Cooper. G.E. (Ed); Standard methods of Clinical Chemistry”. New York: Academic Press, 7: 175-186
Essien, C. A., Sam, I. M., Okon, U. M., and Ndak, U. U. (2022). Effect of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal on the performance, carcass characteristics and lipid profile of finisher broiler chickens. AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 6(3): 213-223.
Ezz El-Din Ibrahim, M., Alqurashi, R.M. and Alfaraj, F.Y. (2022). Antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera and olive olea europaea l. Leaf powders and extracts on quality and oxidation stability of chicken burgers. Antioxidants. 11(3):496.
Feteris, W.A. (1965). A serum glucose method without protein precipitation. The American journal of Medical Technology, 31:17-21.
Igene, F.U. and Oboh, S.O. (2004). Growth performance and Haematological Response of cockerels fed Diets containing levels of Rice offal as replacement for Wheat offal. Proceedings of the 9th annual conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 20-22.
Islam, R., Beg, M. A. H., Begum, M., Rubel, M. Z. U. and Parvin, M. M. (2024). Effects of dietary incorporation of neem (Azadirachta indica), Moringa (Moringa oleifera), and Jute (Corchorus olitorius) leaf powder on production performance and blood indices of broiler chickens as a substitute of antibiotic. European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 6(2):46-50.
Jain, N.C. (1986). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology. 4th Edn. Pp: 278-280
Jain, N.C. (1993). Essential of Veterinary Heamatology, Lea and Febiger; Philadelphia 417 pages
Kareem, D.U., Amos, A.T., Idowu, O.P.A., Bonagurio, LP. and Idowu, O.M.O. (2025). Blood profile as a health indicator in broiler chickens fed diets of different particle sizes supplemented with multienzyme. Agricultura tropica et subtropica, 57: 45-49.
Kelly W.R. (1979). Veterinary Clinical Diagnosis, 2nd Edn. Tindal London, pp: 266-267.
Khan, R.U., Naz, S., Ullah, H., Ullah, Q., Laudadio, V., Qudratullah, Bozzo, G. and Tufarelli, V. (2023a). Physiological dynamics in broiler chickens under heat stress and possible mitigation strategies. Anim. Biotechnol., 34: 438-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/1 0495398.2021.1972005
Marupanthorn, K., Krutthai, N., Wattanakul, W., Kedpanyapong, W., Setthaya, P., and Chaiwang, N. (2024). Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on growth performance, blood hematology, immunity, carcass, and meat quality of Mae Hong Son chicken: https://doi. org/10.12982/VIS. 2023.024. Veterinary Integrative Sciences, 22(1):335-348.
Mendieta –Araica, B., Sporndly, R., Reyes – Sanchez, N., and Sporndly, E. (2011). Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a source of protein in locally produced concentrates for dairy cows fed low protein diet in tropical areas. Journal of Livestock Science. 137: 10 -17.
Moyo, B. Masika, P.J. and Muchaye, V. (2012). Anti-microbial activities of Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extract. African Journal of biotechnology, 11(11): 2797-2802.
Murali, L., Kumari, K. N. R., Nath, D. N. and Kumar, D. S. (2022). Haematological And Biochemical Indices of Broilers fed diet with Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM). Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 49(6):38-46.
Nikkon, F., Saud, A., Rahman, M.H. and Haque, M.E. (2003). In vitro anti-microbial activity of compound isolated from chloroform extract of Moringa oleifera. Pakistan Journal of Biological sciences. 6(22): 1888-1890.
Olugbemi, T.S., Mutayoba, S.K. and Lekule, F.P. (2009). Evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal inclusion in cassava chip based diet on egg quality of laying birds. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Pp. 407-410.
Olugbemi, T.S., Mutayoba, S.K. and Lekule, F.P. (2010). Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) inclusion in cassava based diets fed to broiler chicken. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(4): 363-367.
Reitman, S. and Frankel, S, (1957). A Colorimetric determination of serum glutamic oxalo-acetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am. J. Clin. Path., 28: 56-63.
Sadamade A., Bolaji, O.S. and Adeboye, O.O. (2013). Proximate analysis, Mineral contents and functional properties of Moringa oleifera leaf protein Concentrate. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 4(6): 47-51.
Sharma, S., Poudel, S., Pantha, C., Munakarmi, R., Shrestha, R., Poudel, N., ... and Gurung, Y. B. (2025). Haematological and Biochemical Profiles in Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 8(3): 279-287.
Sofowora, A. (1993). Recent trends in research into African medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 38(2): 197-208.
Udedibie, A.B.I. and Opara C.C. (1998). Response of growing broilers and laying hens to dietary inclusion of leaf meal from Alchonia cordifolia. Anim. Feed. Sci. Tech., 71: 157-164.
Ullah, S., Ramzan, F., Khan, M.S. and Ullah, S. (2024). Effects of Moringa oleifera on Growth Biomarkers, Carcass Characteristics and Hematological Parameters of Broiler Chicken. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 1-7.
Verma, A. K., Pramanik, P., Gautam, S., Kumar, R., Verma, M. K. and Panday, G. (2022). Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on growth performance and haemato-biochemical indices of broiler chickens. Haryana Vet, 61(1): 90-94.
Vlacie, P.A., Panaite, T.D., Untea, A.E., Idriceanu, L. and Cornescu, G.M. (2021). Herbal plants as feed additives in broiler chicken diets. Archiva Zootechnica 24(2): 76-95.
Vollmerhaus, B. (1992). Anatomie der Vogel; In: Nickel, R.; Schummer, A.; Seiferle, E.; Lehrobuch der Anatomie der Haustiere: Bd. 5 Verlag Parey Berlin, Hamburg, 123-134.
Wasiam, J.A., Iddrisu, L.N., Damian Tom-Dery, Kwame, O.B. and Kwami, B.K. (2014). Nutrient composition of Moringa oleifera leaves from two agro ecological zones in Ghana. African Journal of Plant Science, 8(1): 65-71.
Xu, Y.B., Chen, G.L. and Guo, M.Q. (2019). Antioxidant and anti-inflamatory activities of the crude extracts of Moringa oleifera from Kenya and their correlations with flavonoids. Antioxidants, 8(8):296.
Yulianto, A. B., Lamid, M., Lokapirnasari W. P., Al-Arif M. A., Sherasiya, A., Marbun, T. D., Khairullah, A. R., Kurniawan, S. C., Hasib, A., Silaen, O. S. M., Rehman, S. and Ayuti, S.R. (2024). Hematological and Performance Variables of Male Broiler Chickens Fed with Moringa oleifera Extract and Probiotic in Drinking Water. Tropical animal science Journal, 47(2):215-224
Published
2026-01-28
How to Cite
1Onwujiariri, E.B., 2Onu, P.N., 1Kadurumba, C., & 3Kadurumba, O.E. (2026). Blood Profile of Broiler Chickens Administered with Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 8(4), 116 - 125. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/530
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