Feeding Value of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peels Fermented with Bovine Rumen Liquor in Broiler Chicken Diets
Keywords:
Keywords: Sweet orange peel, Proximate, composition, blood parameters, Carcass components
Abstract
Abstract
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of sweet orange peels fermented bovine rumen liquor peel on the performance of broiler chickens. Fresh rumen content was collected from slaughtered cattle at abattoir, mixed with water in the ratio of 1L: 1 kg. The mixture was stirred, sieved to collect rumen liquor and was added to fresh sweet orange peels (SOP) collected from orange sellers within Makurdi metropolis. The mixture was put in polythene bags, tied and left to ferment for 72 hours and then sun-dried. The dried mixture was milled and used to replace dietary maize at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% in diets T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively. A total of 150, day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized Design and replicated thrice. The values of Packed Cell Volume, White Blood Cell and Mean Corpuscular Volume were significantly (P < 0.05) affected positively by the dietary treatments. Glucose and Albumin were adversely affected. Glucose levels decreased as the inclusion level of fermented SOP in the diet increased. The result of carcass characteristics showed significant (p<0.05) difference in drumstick, back and heart. Other carcass traits showed no significant (p>0.05) effect. The utilization of SOP fermented with bovine rumen liquor up to 5 % maize replacement had improved performance on the birds and it is recommended that SOP fermented for 72 hours with rumen liquor can be used to replace up to 5% of the maize in broiler diets.
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References
References
Agu, P. N., Oluremi, O. I. A., and Tuleun, C. D. (2010). Nutritional evaluation of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel as a feed resource in broiler production. International Journal of Poultry Science. 9(7):684-688.
Adeyemo, G. O. and Borire, B. A. (2002). Replacement of maize with sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) meal in the diets of broiler starter chicks. Tropical Journal of Animal Science, 5(1): 53–58.
Aduku, A. O. (2005). Tropical Feedstuff Analysis Table. Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. Pg 4
Aduku, A. O. (2002). Poultry Processing and Marketing in Nigeria. Poultry Production in Nigeria a Training Manual; 146-152.
Aduku, A. O. and Olukosi, J. O. (2000). Animal Products: Processing and Handling in the Tropics. Living books series. GU Publications Abuja FCT Nigeria. Pp. 9-13.
Aduku, A. O. and Olukosi, J. O. (1990). Rabbit Management in the Tropics, Living Book Series, G. U. Publication, Abuja, Nigeria, 1
Ahemen, T. and Zahradden, D. (2010). Species contribution as source of meat and their foetal wastage in Taraba State, Nigeria. Archives of Applied Science Research, 2(5):85 - 91.
Akinmutimi, A. H. (2004). Evaluation of Sward Bean (Canavali agladiata) As An Alternative Feed Resource For Broiler Chickens. A Ph.D Dissertation. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.
Akpe, M. E., Oluremi, O. I. A. and Tuleun, C. D. (2019). Haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of biodegraded sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. PP 54-59
Aneibo, A. O., Wekhe, S. N. and Okoli, I. C (2009). Abattoir blood waste generation on Rivers State and Its environmental implications in the Niger Delta. International Journal of Toxicology and Chemistry 91(4):619-625.
. (2012). Growth performance of broilers chicks fed diets containing raw bambara nut (Vigna subterranea L) waste and supplementary enzyme. African Journal of Biotechnology.11 (56):11991-11997
AOAC (2000). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th revised edition. Washington D. C. Pp. 210-240.
Esonu, B. O., Emenalom, O. O., Udedibie, A. B. I., Herbert, U., Ukpor, C. F. and Okoli, E.
(2001). Performance and blood chemistry of weaner pigs fed raw mucuna bean (Velvet bean) meal. Tropical Animal Production and Investigation, 4:49-54.
Hon, F. M., Oluremi, O. I. A. and Anugwa, F. O. I. (2009). Effect of dried sweet orange (Citrus Sinensis) fruit pulp meal on the growth performance of Rabbits. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8:1150-1155.
Hubbard, A. S. (2006). Evaluating Uniformity in Broilers – Factors Affecting Variation. Hubbard Technical Bulletin. New Hampshire, USA.
Iyayi, E. A. and Aderolu, Z. A. (2004). Enhancement of feeding value of some agro –industrial by products for laying hens after solid state fermentation with Trichoderma viride. African Journal of Biotechnology, 3(3): 182 –185.
Janus, J. and Moerschel, S. K. (2010). Evaluation of anemia in children. American family physician, 8:1462-1471.
Lawal, T. E., Alabi, O. M., Oguntunji, A. O., Alagbe, I. A. and Adebiyi, O. A. (2011). Fungal biodegradation of plantain peel for broiler finisher feeding: In vitro digestibility, effects on performance, haematological and serum parameters. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 7:82-89.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalp, J. F. D and Morgan, C. A. (1995). Animal Nutrition 6th Edition. Longman Group Ltd. United Kingdom. Pp 444-510.
Mitruka, B. M. and Rawnsley, H. (1977). Clinical Biochemistry and Haematological Reference Values in National Experimental Animals. New York, USA. Masson Publishing Inc. pp 106-112
Muhammad, N. O. and Oloyede, O. B. (2009). Haematological parameters of broiler chicks
fed Aspergillus niger fermented Terminalia catappa seed meal-based diet, Global Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 4(2) 179 –183.
Ogbonna, J. U., Oredien, A. O. and Ige, A. K. (2000). Effect of varying dietary levels of cassava leaf meal in broiler gut morphology. (Eds) In: Proceedings of Nigerian Society for Animal Production. Umudike. 25:143-146
Ojabo, L. D., Oluremi, O. I. A. and Uza, D. V. (2014). Effect of feeding sun-dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel on pullet chick performance. Research Opinion of Animal and Veterinary Science, 4(9): 484-488.
Ojabo, L. D., Adenkola, A. Y. and Odaudu, G. I. (2012). The effect of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel meal on the growth performance and haematology of rabbits. Veterinary Research 5(2):26-30.
Olajide, R. (2017). Replacement value of fermented wild cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) corn meal for maize in broiler finisher diets. Journal of Animal Production Research, 29(2):63-73.
Oluremi, O. I. A., Okafor, F. N., Adenkola A. Y. and Orayaga, K. T. (2010). Effect of ensiling sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel on Its phytonutrients and the performance of broiler starter. International Journal of Poultry Science 9(6):546-549.
Oluremi, O. I. A., Ngi, J. and Andrew, I. A. (2007). Phytonutrients in citrus fruit peel meal and nutritional implication for livestock production. Livestock Resource for Rural Development vol. 9 Article 89. http//www.cipav.org.co.//lrr/19/7olur19089.htm
Oluremi, O. I. A., Igyu, A. D. and Abu, F. T (2005). Response of growing rabbits to dietary replacement of maize with sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) rind. Production Agriculture and Technology 1(1):130-136.
Oluwabiyi, I. A., Oluremi, O. I. A., and Orayaga, K. T. (2020). Utilisation of biodegraded sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel as a replacement for maize in grower rabbit diet. East African Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 3(10):311–317.
Orayaga, K. T., Oluremi, O. I. A. and Kaankuka, F. G. (2015). Effect of water soaking of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peels on growth, digestibility and economics of production of broiler finisher chickens. Nigeria Journal of Animal Science 17(2): 175 – 183
Orayaga, K. T. (2010). Effect of Duration of Soaking of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peel on Its Nutritional Composition and Maize Replacement Value in Broiler Diets. M.Sc Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Pp 84.
Otu, B. O., Dikko, H. A., Oche, O. E and Kolo, H. N. (2021). Growth performance and cost
benefits of broiler chickens fed graded levels of dried Sweet orange peel meal at starter phase. Lapai international Journal of Agriculture vol 2(1) June pp 411-420.
Oyewole, B. O., Oluremi, O. I. A., Aribido, S. O. and Ayoade, J. A. (2013). Productive and haematological performance of growing pullets fed fermented sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel meal-based diets. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 2(2):68-71.
Oyewole, B. O. (2011). Nutritional Potential of Fermented Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peel Meal in the Diets of Pullet Chicks, Grower and Layers. A Phd Thesis Submitted to the Department of Animal nutrition. University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Pp. 91-93.
Ross, J. G., Christe, G., Holiday, W. G. and James, R. M. (1978). Haematological and Blood Chemistry Comparison Values for Clinical Pathology in Poultry Vet. Record. 102:29-31.
SAS (2008). SAS Ushers Guide Statistics, SAS inc. Cary, North California. 2008 edition.
Schalm, O. W., Jain, N. C. and Carol, E. J. (1975). Textbook of Veterinary Haematology. 2nd Edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Pp. 129-250.
Soetan, K. O., Akinrinde, A.S. and Ajibade, T. O. (2013). Preliminary studies on the
haematological parameters of cockerels fed raw and processed guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor). Proceedings of 38th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society
Sunmola, T. A., Tuleum, C. D. and Oluremi, O.I.A. (2019). Growth performance, blood parameters and production cost of broiler chickens fed dietary sweet orange peel diets with and without enzyme addition. Nigeria Journal Animal Production, 46(1):37-50.
Tactical Air Command (TAC) (2011). Makurdi Weather Elements Records, Makurdi Metereological Station. Nigerian Airforce, Tactical Air Command, Makurdi, Nigeria.
Agu, P. N., Oluremi, O. I. A., and Tuleun, C. D. (2010). Nutritional evaluation of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel as a feed resource in broiler production. International Journal of Poultry Science. 9(7):684-688.
Adeyemo, G. O. and Borire, B. A. (2002). Replacement of maize with sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) meal in the diets of broiler starter chicks. Tropical Journal of Animal Science, 5(1): 53–58.
Aduku, A. O. (2005). Tropical Feedstuff Analysis Table. Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. Pg 4
Aduku, A. O. (2002). Poultry Processing and Marketing in Nigeria. Poultry Production in Nigeria a Training Manual; 146-152.
Aduku, A. O. and Olukosi, J. O. (2000). Animal Products: Processing and Handling in the Tropics. Living books series. GU Publications Abuja FCT Nigeria. Pp. 9-13.
Aduku, A. O. and Olukosi, J. O. (1990). Rabbit Management in the Tropics, Living Book Series, G. U. Publication, Abuja, Nigeria, 1
Ahemen, T. and Zahradden, D. (2010). Species contribution as source of meat and their foetal wastage in Taraba State, Nigeria. Archives of Applied Science Research, 2(5):85 - 91.
Akinmutimi, A. H. (2004). Evaluation of Sward Bean (Canavali agladiata) As An Alternative Feed Resource For Broiler Chickens. A Ph.D Dissertation. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.
Akpe, M. E., Oluremi, O. I. A. and Tuleun, C. D. (2019). Haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of biodegraded sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. PP 54-59
Aneibo, A. O., Wekhe, S. N. and Okoli, I. C (2009). Abattoir blood waste generation on Rivers State and Its environmental implications in the Niger Delta. International Journal of Toxicology and Chemistry 91(4):619-625.
. (2012). Growth performance of broilers chicks fed diets containing raw bambara nut (Vigna subterranea L) waste and supplementary enzyme. African Journal of Biotechnology.11 (56):11991-11997
AOAC (2000). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th revised edition. Washington D. C. Pp. 210-240.
Esonu, B. O., Emenalom, O. O., Udedibie, A. B. I., Herbert, U., Ukpor, C. F. and Okoli, E.
(2001). Performance and blood chemistry of weaner pigs fed raw mucuna bean (Velvet bean) meal. Tropical Animal Production and Investigation, 4:49-54.
Hon, F. M., Oluremi, O. I. A. and Anugwa, F. O. I. (2009). Effect of dried sweet orange (Citrus Sinensis) fruit pulp meal on the growth performance of Rabbits. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8:1150-1155.
Hubbard, A. S. (2006). Evaluating Uniformity in Broilers – Factors Affecting Variation. Hubbard Technical Bulletin. New Hampshire, USA.
Iyayi, E. A. and Aderolu, Z. A. (2004). Enhancement of feeding value of some agro –industrial by products for laying hens after solid state fermentation with Trichoderma viride. African Journal of Biotechnology, 3(3): 182 –185.
Janus, J. and Moerschel, S. K. (2010). Evaluation of anemia in children. American family physician, 8:1462-1471.
Lawal, T. E., Alabi, O. M., Oguntunji, A. O., Alagbe, I. A. and Adebiyi, O. A. (2011). Fungal biodegradation of plantain peel for broiler finisher feeding: In vitro digestibility, effects on performance, haematological and serum parameters. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 7:82-89.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalp, J. F. D and Morgan, C. A. (1995). Animal Nutrition 6th Edition. Longman Group Ltd. United Kingdom. Pp 444-510.
Mitruka, B. M. and Rawnsley, H. (1977). Clinical Biochemistry and Haematological Reference Values in National Experimental Animals. New York, USA. Masson Publishing Inc. pp 106-112
Muhammad, N. O. and Oloyede, O. B. (2009). Haematological parameters of broiler chicks
fed Aspergillus niger fermented Terminalia catappa seed meal-based diet, Global Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 4(2) 179 –183.
Ogbonna, J. U., Oredien, A. O. and Ige, A. K. (2000). Effect of varying dietary levels of cassava leaf meal in broiler gut morphology. (Eds) In: Proceedings of Nigerian Society for Animal Production. Umudike. 25:143-146
Ojabo, L. D., Oluremi, O. I. A. and Uza, D. V. (2014). Effect of feeding sun-dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel on pullet chick performance. Research Opinion of Animal and Veterinary Science, 4(9): 484-488.
Ojabo, L. D., Adenkola, A. Y. and Odaudu, G. I. (2012). The effect of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel meal on the growth performance and haematology of rabbits. Veterinary Research 5(2):26-30.
Olajide, R. (2017). Replacement value of fermented wild cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) corn meal for maize in broiler finisher diets. Journal of Animal Production Research, 29(2):63-73.
Oluremi, O. I. A., Okafor, F. N., Adenkola A. Y. and Orayaga, K. T. (2010). Effect of ensiling sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel on Its phytonutrients and the performance of broiler starter. International Journal of Poultry Science 9(6):546-549.
Oluremi, O. I. A., Ngi, J. and Andrew, I. A. (2007). Phytonutrients in citrus fruit peel meal and nutritional implication for livestock production. Livestock Resource for Rural Development vol. 9 Article 89. http//www.cipav.org.co.//lrr/19/7olur19089.htm
Oluremi, O. I. A., Igyu, A. D. and Abu, F. T (2005). Response of growing rabbits to dietary replacement of maize with sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) rind. Production Agriculture and Technology 1(1):130-136.
Oluwabiyi, I. A., Oluremi, O. I. A., and Orayaga, K. T. (2020). Utilisation of biodegraded sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel as a replacement for maize in grower rabbit diet. East African Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 3(10):311–317.
Orayaga, K. T., Oluremi, O. I. A. and Kaankuka, F. G. (2015). Effect of water soaking of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peels on growth, digestibility and economics of production of broiler finisher chickens. Nigeria Journal of Animal Science 17(2): 175 – 183
Orayaga, K. T. (2010). Effect of Duration of Soaking of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peel on Its Nutritional Composition and Maize Replacement Value in Broiler Diets. M.Sc Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Pp 84.
Otu, B. O., Dikko, H. A., Oche, O. E and Kolo, H. N. (2021). Growth performance and cost
benefits of broiler chickens fed graded levels of dried Sweet orange peel meal at starter phase. Lapai international Journal of Agriculture vol 2(1) June pp 411-420.
Oyewole, B. O., Oluremi, O. I. A., Aribido, S. O. and Ayoade, J. A. (2013). Productive and haematological performance of growing pullets fed fermented sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel meal-based diets. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 2(2):68-71.
Oyewole, B. O. (2011). Nutritional Potential of Fermented Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peel Meal in the Diets of Pullet Chicks, Grower and Layers. A Phd Thesis Submitted to the Department of Animal nutrition. University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Pp. 91-93.
Ross, J. G., Christe, G., Holiday, W. G. and James, R. M. (1978). Haematological and Blood Chemistry Comparison Values for Clinical Pathology in Poultry Vet. Record. 102:29-31.
SAS (2008). SAS Ushers Guide Statistics, SAS inc. Cary, North California. 2008 edition.
Schalm, O. W., Jain, N. C. and Carol, E. J. (1975). Textbook of Veterinary Haematology. 2nd Edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Pp. 129-250.
Soetan, K. O., Akinrinde, A.S. and Ajibade, T. O. (2013). Preliminary studies on the
haematological parameters of cockerels fed raw and processed guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor). Proceedings of 38th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society
Sunmola, T. A., Tuleum, C. D. and Oluremi, O.I.A. (2019). Growth performance, blood parameters and production cost of broiler chickens fed dietary sweet orange peel diets with and without enzyme addition. Nigeria Journal Animal Production, 46(1):37-50.
Tactical Air Command (TAC) (2011). Makurdi Weather Elements Records, Makurdi Metereological Station. Nigerian Airforce, Tactical Air Command, Makurdi, Nigeria.
Published
2026-01-28
How to Cite
*Philip, C.G, Orayaga, K.T. , & Oluremi, O.I.A. (2026). Feeding Value of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peels Fermented with Bovine Rumen Liquor in Broiler Chicken Diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 8(4), 91- 105. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/528
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