In vitro antitrypanosomal effects of Methanol Leaf Extract of Lasimopha senegalensis on Trypanosomiasis brucei brucei
Keywords:
Trypanosoma brucei, methanol leaf extract, Lasimorpha senegalensis, in vitro
Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative constituents of methanol extract of aerial part (leaves and petioles) of Lasimorpha senegalensis (LS), and its’ in vitro effect on Trypanosoma brucei (T. b.) were investigated using standard scientific methods. Various graded doses of the extracts were reconstituted and used. These doses are 0.005 mg/ml, 0.008 mg/ ml, 0.0195 mg/ ml, 0.039 mg/ ml, 0.039 mg/ ml, 0.078 mg/ ml, 0.0156 mg/ ml, 0.0313 mg/ ml, 0.625 mg/g, 1.25 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 5.0 mg/ml and 10.0 mg/ml respectively. These doses were added to 0.02 ml of blood containing 109 of T. b. brucei in each test tube, using a pippete. The mixture was then monitored under × 400 Microscopic magnification for 60 minutes to observe for motility of the T. b. parasites. Results from qualitative analysis showed that methanol aerial part extracts of LS contained pharmacologically active phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, protein, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins and glycosides. On the other hand, the quantitative phytochemical analysis showed high amounts of alkaloids, (1391.70 mg/g), flavonoids (5393.23 mg/g), carbohydrates (5329.86 mg/g), steroids (1499.26 mg/g), protein (1741.0 mg/g), resin (968.55 mg/g) and terpenoids (3802.53 mg/g). It was also observed that saponins, phenols and tannins were in moderate quantities of 109.70 mg/g, 359.12 mg/g and 344.93 mg/g, respectively. However, other phytochemicals of pharmacological importance that were not tested qualitatively, were quantified and these include; anthracyanin (108.90 mg/g), carotenoids (84.31 mg/g), chlorophyll (299.80 mg/g) and cyacogenic glycosides (410.10 mg/g). The study provided insights into the potentials of methanol aerial part extract of LS to contain bioactive phytochemicals that possess both anti-inflammatory and antioxidants activities, and these activities are important in reducing stress associated with Trypanosoma infections in animals, as evidenced by potentiation of the antitrypanosomal drug (diminazen aceturate).
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References
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Chigor, C. B., Nwafor, F., Ugwuja, E and OBI, C. S. (2020): Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials of Lasimorpha senegalensis (Schott) leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride – induced liver damage in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 32 (21): 70 -78.
DeBenedictis, J. N., de Kok, T. M and van Breda, S. G. (2023): Impact of processing methods and storage time on phytochemical concentration in an antioxidant-rich food mixture. Antioxidants. 10;12(6):1252. Doi:10.339/antiox12061252.
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Gbadegesin, M. A., Adegoke, A. M., Ewere, E. G and Odunola, O. A. (2014): Hepatoprotective and anticlastogenic effects of ethanol extracts of Irvingia gabonesis (IG) leaves in sodium arsenate induced toxicity in male wistar rats. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 2: 029 – 36.
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Hasani, P., Ravindra, K. N., Supreetha, B. H., Nithyanandha, K. R., Urs, D., Krishnappa, D. K and Giresha, A. S. (2023): Effect of soil pH on plant growth, phytochemical content and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Advanced Research – Isentient – 2022. 5 (5): 15 – 39.
He, S., Dayton, A., Kuppusany, P., Werbovetz, K. A., and Drew, M. E. (2012): induction of oxidative stressin Trypanosoma brucei by the anti trypanosomal dihydroquinolone OSU-40. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy. 56 (5): 2428 – 2434.
Jordan, A.M (1992), Degradation of the environment: an inevitable trypanosomiasis control. World Animal Review 70/71: 2-7.
Kabubii, K. N., Mbaria, J. M., Mathiu, M. P., Wayohi, J. Mand Nyaboga, E. N. (2023): Evaluation of seasonal variation, effect of extraction solvent on phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of on Rosmanirus officialis grown in different agro-ecological zones of Kiambu county, Kenya. CABI Agric. Bioscience 4: Doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00141-x.
Kato, C. D., Matovu, E., Mugasa, C. M., Nanteza, A and Aliba, V. P. (2016): The role of cytokine in the pathogenesis and staging of Trypanosoma b. rhodensiense sleeping sickness. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol.. 12 : 4 (2016): doi.org/10.1186/s13223-016-Kaushik, B., Sharma, J., Yadav, K., Kumar, P and Shouri, H. (2021): Phytochemical properties and role of [plant’s secondary metabolite. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Asia. 18 (1): 23 – 35.
Kumar, S., Yadav, A., Yadav, M and Yadav, J. P. (2017): Effect of climate change on phytochemical diversity, total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (L) Burm. F. BMC Res. Notes. 10:60. Doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2385-3.
Lacaille-Dubois, M. A and Wagner, H (1996): A Review of the biological and pharmacological activities of saponins. Phytomedicine. 2 (4):363 – 386.
Liebelt, D. J., Jordan, J. T and Doharty, C. J. (2019): Only a matter of time: the impact of daily and seasonal rythms on phytochemical. Phytochemistry. 18: 1409 – 1433.
Loss-Oliveira, L., Sakuragui, C., de Lourdes-Soares, M and Schrago, C. G. (2016): Evolution of philodendron (Araceae) species in neotropical biomass. PeerJe1744. DOI 10.7717/peerj.1744.
Machacho, H., Bizarra-Rebelo. T., Costa-Seguira, M., Trindade, S., Carvalho, T., Rijo-Ferreira, F., Rentrora-Pacheco, B., Serie, K and Figuiredo, L.M. (2021): Trypanosoma brucei trigger a broad immune response in adipose tissue. PLoS Pathog 15: 17(9): e1009933. Doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009933.ecollection.2021.
Miller, L., Ackerman, H., Su, X.-Z and Wellem, J. L. (2013): Malaria biology and and disease pathogenesis: Insights for a new treatment. Nature Medicine. 19:156- 167.
Mordt, O. V., Tarral, A and Strub-Wourgaft. (2022): Development and introduction of fexinidazole in the global human animal trypanosomiasis program. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 106 (5 suppl): 61 -66.
Morriso, L. J. (2011): Parasite-driven pathogenesis in Trypanosoma brucei infections. Parasite Immunology. 33: 445 – 448.
Morrison, L. J., Stekefee, P. C., Tettey, M. D and Matthews, K. R. (2023): Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomiasis from laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence. Doi: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445.
Murauka, H., Saigusa, N and Nasahara, K. (2010): Effects of seasonal and interannual variations in leaf photosynthesis and canopy leaf area index in gross primary production of a cool-temperature deciduous broad leaf forest in Tkayama, Japan. Plant Res. 123: 563 – 576.
Murray, M. and Gray, A.R (1984). Current situation on animal trypanosomiasis inAfrica. Preventive veterinary medicine, 2:23-30.
Nair, J. J and van Standen (2019: Antiprotozoal alkaloid principles of the plant family amaryllidaceae. Bioorganic and medicinal chemistry letters. 29 (20: 126642. Doi.org/10.1016/j.brucei-2019.126642.
Nwafor, F., Okonta, E., Udodeme, H., Ugorji, C., Inya-Agha, S and Odoh, K. E. (2024): Botanical evaluation, GC-MS analysis and anti-inflammatory properties of the leaves of Lasimorpha senegalensis Scott (Araneae). Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research. 8 (14): 6981 – 6988.
Nwodo N.J., Ibezim Akachukwu, Ntie-Kang F, Adikwu M.U and Mbah C.J (2015). Antit-trypanosomal Activity of Nigerian Plants and their Constituents. Molecules 20(5):7750-7771.
Nwozo, O. S., Effiong, E. M., Aja, P. M and Awuchi, C. G. (2023): Antioxidants, phytochemical and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review. International Journal of Food Properties. 26 (1): 351 – 388.
Onyekwelu, N.A (1999). Toxicity of trypanocide; A review. West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research. 15 (1 & 2): 1-6.
Pinger, N., Chowdhury, S and Papasiliou, F. N. (2017): Variant surface glycoprotein density define an immune evasive threshold for for African Trypanosomes undergoing antigenic variations. Nature communications. 18: 828 – 837.
Pollitt, L. C., Gregor, P. M., Matthews, K and Reece, S. (2011): Malaria and trypanosome transmission: different parasites, same rules? Trends Parasitol. 27 (5): 197 -203.
Ponte-Sucre, A. (2016): An overview of Trypanosoma brucei infections: An intense host-parasite interaction. Front Microbiol. 7: 2126 – 2133.
Prinsloo, G and Nogemane, N. (2018): The effect of season and water availability on chemical composition, secondary metabolites and biological activity in plants. Phytochem. Rev. 17: 889 – 902.
Sharafeldin, A, hahadien, M, Diab A, Li H, Shif, Bakhiet (1999). Cytokine profiles in central nervous system and spleen during the early course of experimental African trypanosomiasis. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 59:256-261.
Samuel, B.J, Oyeintonbara M, Azibanasamesa O.D.C, Martins O.O and Ogechukwu C.L (2022). Phytochemicals Quantification, Tlc and Antimicrobial Assessmentof Leaves and Fruit Extracts of Lasimorpha senegalensis (schott) aracea. J. Chem. Res. Adv 03(02).
Syafini, N,. Mohammed, A. A., Mohammed, N. H. D., Mohammed L. J., Zulhazmi, S., Azhar, M. N and Nurul Khadija, A. (2022): Effect of LED lighting on phytochemical content of lettce plants (green coral and red coral) grown in plant factory condition. Food Research 6 (Suppl 1): 80 – 85.
West, S. A. (2006): Social evolution theory for microorganisms. Nat. Rev. Micro. 4: 597 – 607.
Wilkison S.R & Kelly J.M (2009). Trypanocidal drugs: Mechanisms, resistance and new targets. Expert reviews in molecular medicine.11:e31.
World Health Organisation (2023). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness). Accessed 11 June, 2024.
World Health Organisation (2024). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/Chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis). Accessed 11 June, 2024.
Young, W., Chen, X., Li, Y., Guo, S.,Wang, Z and Yu, K. (2020): Advances in pharmacological activities of terpenoids. Natural Product Communication. 15 (3): 1-13.
Yu, M.M., Gouvinhas, I., Rocha, J., Ana, I. R and Borros, N. A. (2021): Phytochemical and
antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants toward bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources. Science Rep.11:10041 Doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-80437-4.
Akiode, O., Fadeyi, A. E., Ibi, A and Hassan, M. B. (2021): Effects of seasonal changes on the quantity of secondary metabolites from neem and eucalyptus plant in North Central Nigeria. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Science. 7 (2): 43 - 052.
Conor, R. J and Van den Bossche, P. (2004): African Animal Trypanosomiasis. In: Coetzre J. A. W and Tustin, R. C. editors, Infectious disease of livestocks. Vol. 1 Capetown, Oxford University press, South Africa. 251 – 296.
Costa, D. S., Boenisch, G., Freiberg, M., Govaerts, R., Grenie, M., Hassler, M., Kattge, J., Muelner-Rirhl, A. N., Rojas-Andres, B. M., Winter, M., Watson, M., Zizka, A and Wirth, C. (2023): The big four of plant taxonomy-a comparison of global checklist of vascular plant name. New Phytologist, 24004086. (4):1327 – 1702.
Chigor, C. B., Nwafor, F., Ugwuja, E and OBI, C. S. (2020): Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials of Lasimorpha senegalensis (Schott) leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride – induced liver damage in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 32 (21): 70 -78.
DeBenedictis, J. N., de Kok, T. M and van Breda, S. G. (2023): Impact of processing methods and storage time on phytochemical concentration in an antioxidant-rich food mixture. Antioxidants. 10;12(6):1252. Doi:10.339/antiox12061252.
FAO. The disease. Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT). Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations (FAO), 2019. (Accessed 11 June, 2024). Available: http://www.fao.org/paat/the-programme/the-disease/en/.in the global human animal trypanosomiasis program. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 106 (5 suppl): 61 -66.
Garcia-Lafuente, A., Moro, C., Manchon, N., Gonzalo-Ruiz, A., Villares, A., Guillamon, E., Rostagno, M and Matea-Vivaracho, L. (2014): In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic rich extracs from white and red common beans. Food Chemistry, 161 (6): 216 -223.
Gbadegesin, M. A., Adegoke, A. M., Ewere, E. G and Odunola, O. A. (2014): Hepatoprotective and anticlastogenic effects of ethanol extracts of Irvingia gabonesis (IG) leaves in sodium arsenate induced toxicity in male wistar rats. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 2: 029 – 36.
Geoghegan, N. D., Evelyn, C., Whitehead, L. W., Pasternak, M.,McDonald, P., Triglia, T., Marapara, D. S., Kempe, D., Thompson, J. K., Mlodzianoski, M. J., Healer, J., Biro, M., Cowman, A. F and Rogers, K. L. (2021): 4D analysis of malaria parasite invasion offers insights into erythrocyte membrane remodeling and parasitophoros vacuole formation. Nature Communication. Doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23626-7.
Gololo, S. S. (2019): Effects of environmental factors on the accumulation of phytochemicals in plants. Marine sources, industrial application and recent Advances. In: Egbunu, C., Ifemeje, J. C., Kumar, S and Sharif, N. Textbook. CRC Press. 245.
Guiliani, A., Cerretani, L and Cichelli, A. (2016): Colors: Properties and Determination of Natural Pigments. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. 273 - 283
Guimaraes, A. C., Meireles, L. M., Lemos, M. F., Guimaraes, M. C. C., Endringer, D. C., Fronza, M and Scherer, R. (2019): Antibacterial activity of terpenes and terpenoids present in essential oils. Molecules. 24 (13): 2471 – 2478.
Gupta, A. (2023): A study on seasonal variation in chlorophyll content of different plant spcies around stone crusher industrial area of Bharatkoop, Chitrakoot (UP). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Science. 12 (6): 07 – 11.
Halford, N. H. G and Sheiner, L. B. (1981: Understanding the dose-effect relationship; clinical application of pharmacokinetic – pharmacodynamic models. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 6: 429 – 453.
Hasani, P., Ravindra, K. N., Supreetha, B. H., Nithyanandha, K. R., Urs, D., Krishnappa, D. K and Giresha, A. S. (2023): Effect of soil pH on plant growth, phytochemical content and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Advanced Research – Isentient – 2022. 5 (5): 15 – 39.
He, S., Dayton, A., Kuppusany, P., Werbovetz, K. A., and Drew, M. E. (2012): induction of oxidative stressin Trypanosoma brucei by the anti trypanosomal dihydroquinolone OSU-40. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy. 56 (5): 2428 – 2434.
Jordan, A.M (1992), Degradation of the environment: an inevitable trypanosomiasis control. World Animal Review 70/71: 2-7.
Kabubii, K. N., Mbaria, J. M., Mathiu, M. P., Wayohi, J. Mand Nyaboga, E. N. (2023): Evaluation of seasonal variation, effect of extraction solvent on phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of on Rosmanirus officialis grown in different agro-ecological zones of Kiambu county, Kenya. CABI Agric. Bioscience 4: Doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00141-x.
Kato, C. D., Matovu, E., Mugasa, C. M., Nanteza, A and Aliba, V. P. (2016): The role of cytokine in the pathogenesis and staging of Trypanosoma b. rhodensiense sleeping sickness. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol.. 12 : 4 (2016): doi.org/10.1186/s13223-016-Kaushik, B., Sharma, J., Yadav, K., Kumar, P and Shouri, H. (2021): Phytochemical properties and role of [plant’s secondary metabolite. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Asia. 18 (1): 23 – 35.
Kumar, S., Yadav, A., Yadav, M and Yadav, J. P. (2017): Effect of climate change on phytochemical diversity, total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Aloe vera (L) Burm. F. BMC Res. Notes. 10:60. Doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2385-3.
Lacaille-Dubois, M. A and Wagner, H (1996): A Review of the biological and pharmacological activities of saponins. Phytomedicine. 2 (4):363 – 386.
Liebelt, D. J., Jordan, J. T and Doharty, C. J. (2019): Only a matter of time: the impact of daily and seasonal rythms on phytochemical. Phytochemistry. 18: 1409 – 1433.
Loss-Oliveira, L., Sakuragui, C., de Lourdes-Soares, M and Schrago, C. G. (2016): Evolution of philodendron (Araceae) species in neotropical biomass. PeerJe1744. DOI 10.7717/peerj.1744.
Machacho, H., Bizarra-Rebelo. T., Costa-Seguira, M., Trindade, S., Carvalho, T., Rijo-Ferreira, F., Rentrora-Pacheco, B., Serie, K and Figuiredo, L.M. (2021): Trypanosoma brucei trigger a broad immune response in adipose tissue. PLoS Pathog 15: 17(9): e1009933. Doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009933.ecollection.2021.
Miller, L., Ackerman, H., Su, X.-Z and Wellem, J. L. (2013): Malaria biology and and disease pathogenesis: Insights for a new treatment. Nature Medicine. 19:156- 167.
Mordt, O. V., Tarral, A and Strub-Wourgaft. (2022): Development and introduction of fexinidazole in the global human animal trypanosomiasis program. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 106 (5 suppl): 61 -66.
Morriso, L. J. (2011): Parasite-driven pathogenesis in Trypanosoma brucei infections. Parasite Immunology. 33: 445 – 448.
Morrison, L. J., Stekefee, P. C., Tettey, M. D and Matthews, K. R. (2023): Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomiasis from laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence. Doi: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445.
Murauka, H., Saigusa, N and Nasahara, K. (2010): Effects of seasonal and interannual variations in leaf photosynthesis and canopy leaf area index in gross primary production of a cool-temperature deciduous broad leaf forest in Tkayama, Japan. Plant Res. 123: 563 – 576.
Murray, M. and Gray, A.R (1984). Current situation on animal trypanosomiasis inAfrica. Preventive veterinary medicine, 2:23-30.
Nair, J. J and van Standen (2019: Antiprotozoal alkaloid principles of the plant family amaryllidaceae. Bioorganic and medicinal chemistry letters. 29 (20: 126642. Doi.org/10.1016/j.brucei-2019.126642.
Nwafor, F., Okonta, E., Udodeme, H., Ugorji, C., Inya-Agha, S and Odoh, K. E. (2024): Botanical evaluation, GC-MS analysis and anti-inflammatory properties of the leaves of Lasimorpha senegalensis Scott (Araneae). Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research. 8 (14): 6981 – 6988.
Nwodo N.J., Ibezim Akachukwu, Ntie-Kang F, Adikwu M.U and Mbah C.J (2015). Antit-trypanosomal Activity of Nigerian Plants and their Constituents. Molecules 20(5):7750-7771.
Nwozo, O. S., Effiong, E. M., Aja, P. M and Awuchi, C. G. (2023): Antioxidants, phytochemical and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review. International Journal of Food Properties. 26 (1): 351 – 388.
Onyekwelu, N.A (1999). Toxicity of trypanocide; A review. West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research. 15 (1 & 2): 1-6.
Pinger, N., Chowdhury, S and Papasiliou, F. N. (2017): Variant surface glycoprotein density define an immune evasive threshold for for African Trypanosomes undergoing antigenic variations. Nature communications. 18: 828 – 837.
Pollitt, L. C., Gregor, P. M., Matthews, K and Reece, S. (2011): Malaria and trypanosome transmission: different parasites, same rules? Trends Parasitol. 27 (5): 197 -203.
Ponte-Sucre, A. (2016): An overview of Trypanosoma brucei infections: An intense host-parasite interaction. Front Microbiol. 7: 2126 – 2133.
Prinsloo, G and Nogemane, N. (2018): The effect of season and water availability on chemical composition, secondary metabolites and biological activity in plants. Phytochem. Rev. 17: 889 – 902.
Sharafeldin, A, hahadien, M, Diab A, Li H, Shif, Bakhiet (1999). Cytokine profiles in central nervous system and spleen during the early course of experimental African trypanosomiasis. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 59:256-261.
Samuel, B.J, Oyeintonbara M, Azibanasamesa O.D.C, Martins O.O and Ogechukwu C.L (2022). Phytochemicals Quantification, Tlc and Antimicrobial Assessmentof Leaves and Fruit Extracts of Lasimorpha senegalensis (schott) aracea. J. Chem. Res. Adv 03(02).
Syafini, N,. Mohammed, A. A., Mohammed, N. H. D., Mohammed L. J., Zulhazmi, S., Azhar, M. N and Nurul Khadija, A. (2022): Effect of LED lighting on phytochemical content of lettce plants (green coral and red coral) grown in plant factory condition. Food Research 6 (Suppl 1): 80 – 85.
West, S. A. (2006): Social evolution theory for microorganisms. Nat. Rev. Micro. 4: 597 – 607.
Wilkison S.R & Kelly J.M (2009). Trypanocidal drugs: Mechanisms, resistance and new targets. Expert reviews in molecular medicine.11:e31.
World Health Organisation (2023). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness). Accessed 11 June, 2024.
World Health Organisation (2024). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/Chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis). Accessed 11 June, 2024.
Young, W., Chen, X., Li, Y., Guo, S.,Wang, Z and Yu, K. (2020): Advances in pharmacological activities of terpenoids. Natural Product Communication. 15 (3): 1-13.
Yu, M.M., Gouvinhas, I., Rocha, J., Ana, I. R and Borros, N. A. (2021): Phytochemical and
antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants toward bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources. Science Rep.11:10041 Doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-80437-4.
Published
2025-02-10
How to Cite
Uzoka N.B., & Shamaki B.U. (2025). In vitro antitrypanosomal effects of Methanol Leaf Extract of Lasimopha senegalensis on Trypanosomiasis brucei brucei. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 7(4), 126 - 137. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/383
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