Effect of Processing on the Nutritional Quality of Soybean Haulms
Keywords:
Soya beans haulms, Ensiled, Crop residue, Urea, Molasses
Abstract
Crop residues are abundant and cost-effective, yet their nutrient composition pales compared to forages and other cereal crops commonly used in ruminant production systems. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate nutritional worth of processed soybean haulms (PSBH). The research took place at Livestock Teaching and Research Farm of Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi. The soybean haulms (SBH) were sourced from the vicinity of the University, subjected to drying, and then milled into a coarse form. The resulting material was subsequently treated with a solution of urea and molasses (ratio of 4:1:70 w/w of urea, molasses and water, respectively), before being ensiled in a concrete silo for 21 days. Thereafter, it was dried under shed to a constant moisture content to be used for nutritional evaluation and formulation of experimental diets in the laboratory. The crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and ash content of SBH increased after processing. The CP, EE and Ash were 5.52 %, 1.69 % and 12.03 %, in the unprocessed soybean haulms, while the values of 9.63 %, 1.80 % and 13.57 % for CP, EE and Ash, respectively were obtained after processing the SBH. There was a slight increase in Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Manganese following the processing of soybean haulms. The values obtained were 964.00 mg/Kg to 964.60 mg/Kg in Calcium, 855.11 mg/Kg to 855.60 mg/Kg in Magnesium, 1048.00 mg/Kg to 1049.00 mg/Kg in Potassium and 109.60 mg/Kg to 109.90 mg/Kg in Manganese. Treating soybean haulms with urea and molasses and subsequent ensiling for 21 days improved the nutritional value of the residues as feedstuff for ruminants. Processing improved the crude protein, cell wall content, ether extract and ash content of soybean haulms.
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References
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Hamed, A. A., Omer, M., El-Karamany, F. and Bakry, A. B. (2021). Using soybean straw at different levels in Barki sheep rations and its effects on their productive performance, water intake and economic efficiency. European Journal of Biological Sciences, 13(1):1-12.
Hassan, A. A., Alsamaree, W. H., Abbas, E. R. and Fenjan, K. (2015). Effect of some chemical and biological treatment of rice hulls (subose) on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Journal of International Academic Resources and Multidisciplinary. 2:2320–5083.
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König, W., König, E., Elo, K., Vanhatalo, A. and Jaakkola, S. (2019). Effects of sodium nitrite treatment on the fermentation quality of red clover-grass silage harvested at two dry matter concentrations and inoculated with clostridia. Agricultural and Food Science, 28:155–164.
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Mottet, A. and Tempio, G. (2017). Global poultry production:
current state and future outlook and challenges. World's
Poultry Science Journal, 73(2):245-256.
Ngele, M. B. (2008). Fermentation and metabolic trends in rams fed roughages with various supplements. PhD dissertation, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi-Nigeria.
Ngu, N. T. and Ledin, I. (2005). Effects of feeding wastes from Brassica species on the growth of goats and pesticide/insecticide residues in goat meat. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18(2):197-202.
Omer, H. A. A., Ali, F. A. F. and Gad, S. M. (2021). Replacement of clover hay by biologically treated corn stalks in growing sheep rations. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4: 257-268.
Omotoso, S.O., Ajayi, F. T. Boladuro, B. A. and Emerue, P. C. (2021). A mixed ration of crop residues: Effects on rumen fermentation characteristics and blood indices of West African dwarf sheep. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48(6): 348-362.
Sabbah, M., Allam, A. M., El-Hossseniny, M., Fadel, M., El-Banna, H. M. and Refai, A.R. (2006). Nutrients utilization and performance of lambs fed rations containing corn stover treated chemically and biologically. Journal of Agricultural Science Mansoura University, 81: 1993- 2007.
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Tessema, B., Gonfa, G., Hailegiorgis, S. M. and Prabhu, S. V. (2023). An Overview of Current and Prognostic Trends on Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Biobased Silica. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2023(1):1-23.
Thornton, P. K., Van de Steeg, J., Notenbaert, A. and Herrero, M.
(2009). The impacts of climate change on livestock and
livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we
know and what we need to know. Journal of Agricultural System, 101(3):113-127.
Tsafiyo, B., Zewdle, B., Yirga, H. and Teshome, D. (2022). Effect of groundnut haulms and maize bran mixture supplementation on growth and carcass characteristics performance of local sheep fed pasture hay based diet. Journal of Animal Sciences. 12:36-57.
Weinberg, Z. G., Muck, R. E. and Weimer P. J. (2003). The survival of silage inoculant lactic acid bacteria in rumen fluid. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94: 1066-1071.
Adu, I. F. and Osuhor, C. U. (1998). The utilization of complete diets containing soybean haulms by goats. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 20(1):56-60.
Aguilera, A., Perez-Gil, F., Grande, D., de la Cruz, I. and Juarez, J., (1997). Digestibility and fermentative characteristics of mango, lemon and corn stover silages with or without addition of molasses and urea. Small Ruminant Resources, 26: 87-91.
Akinlade, J. A., Smith, J. W., Raji, A. M., Busari, A. A., Adekunle, I. O. and Adewumi, M.
K. (2005). Effect of Two Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Fodder Cultivars as
Supplements on Voluntary Intake, Milk Yield and Manure Production of Bunaji
Cows, Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and
Subtropics, 106(2):105–112.
Akram, M. and Yaman, S. (2019). The Use of Agricultural Crop Residues as Alternatives to Conventional Feedstuffs for Ruminants: A Review. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(2):58-66
Alebel, M. G., Urge, M., Assefa, G., Worku, B. and Abebe, A. (2019). The effect of using soyabean and groundnut straw as part of basal diet on body weight gain and carcass characteristics of gumuz sheep. International Journal of Livestock Production, 103(3):70-76.
Amuda, A. J. and Okunlola, D. O. (2020). Apparent digestibility and performance of West African dwarf sheep fed ensiled maize stover and concentrate supplements. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 22 (1): 311-321.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th edition, Washington: AOAC International. Barker, S. B. and W.H. Summerson. 1941. The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biology material. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 138:535- 554.
Arigbede, O. M., Anele, U. Y., Oduguwa, B. O., Jolaosho, O. A., Olanite, J. A. and Onifade, O. S. (2008). Replacement value of soyabean haulms meal in the diets of West African goats. Archivos de Zootecnia, 57(219):369-372.
Asmare, B. (2020). Biological treatment of crop residues as an option for feed improvement in the tropics: A review. Journal of Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science, 4:1-6.
Balehegn, M., Duncan, A., Tolera, A., Ayantunde, A. A., Issa, S., Karimou, M., Zampaligré, N., André, K., Gnanda, I., Varijakshapanicker, P., Kebreab, E., Dubeux, J., Boote, K., Minta, M., Feyissa, F. and Adesogan, A. T. (2020). Improving adoption of technologies and interventions for increasing supply of quality livestock feed in low- and middle-income countries. Global Food Security, 26:100372.
Beigh, Y. A., Ganai, A. M. and Ahmad, H. A. (2017). Prospects of complete feed system in ruminants feeding: A Review. Journal of World Veterinary, 10: 424-437.
Chisoro, P., Jaja, I. and Assan, N. (2023). Incorporation of local novel feed resources in livestock feed for sustainable food security and circular economy in Africa. Frontiers in Sustainability. 4:1251179.
El-Bordeny, N., Khattab, H. M. and Marwa, A. M. (2015). Using of bio-upgraded rice straw in growing lamb nutrition. Asian Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances, 10(2):62–73.
Elkholy, M. El. H., Hassanein, El. I., Soliman, M. H., Eleraky, W., Elgame, M. F. A. and Ibraheim, D. (2009). Efficacy of Feeding Ensiled Corn Crop Residues to Sheep. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(12):1858-1867.
F.A.O. (2000). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations. Rome. Italy. FAOSTAT Database http://apps.fao.org.
F.A.O (2024). Agricultural Production Statistics 2010-2023. faostat@fao.org
Gado, H. M. (2012). Effect of the anaerobic enzymes on rice straw as animal feed. International Workshop on the Strategies of Animal Production. Alexandria University Egypt; Egypt:
Google Earth for Desktop (2023). Google Earth. Google. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
Hagawane, S. D., Shinde, S. B. and Rajguru, D. N. (2009). Haematological and blood biochemical profile in lactating buffaloes in and around parbhani city. Veterinary World Journal, 2(12):467-469.
Hamed, A. A., Omer, M., El-Karamany, F. and Bakry, A. B. (2021). Using soybean straw at different levels in Barki sheep rations and its effects on their productive performance, water intake and economic efficiency. European Journal of Biological Sciences, 13(1):1-12.
Hassan, A. A., Alsamaree, W. H., Abbas, E. R. and Fenjan, K. (2015). Effect of some chemical and biological treatment of rice hulls (subose) on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Journal of International Academic Resources and Multidisciplinary. 2:2320–5083.
Ikyume, T. T., Afele, T., Ewetade, R. O., Kefas, U. M., Orhungur, F. S. and Nyam, D. L. (2023). Response of Sheep to Dietary Soybean Haulms: Effect on Growth, Serum Indices and Oxidative Biomarkers Profile. Trends Agricultural Science, 2 (2): 153-160.
Khattab, H. M., Gado, H. M., Salem, A. Z. M., Camacho, L. M., El-Sayed, M. M., Kholif, A. M., El-Shewy, A. A. and Kholif, A. E. (2013). Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology,13(3):507–516.
König, W., König, E., Elo, K., Vanhatalo, A. and Jaakkola, S. (2019). Effects of sodium nitrite treatment on the fermentation quality of red clover-grass silage harvested at two dry matter concentrations and inoculated with clostridia. Agricultural and Food Science, 28:155–164.
Kung, L. and Shaver, R. (2001). Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analysis reports. Focus on forage, 3(13):.1-5.
Lukuyu, B. A., Gachuiri, C. K., Lukuyu, M. N., Lusweti, C. and Mwendia, S. (2012). Feeding Dairy Cattle in East Africa; East Africa Dairy Development Project: Nairobi, Kenya.
Megersa, T., Urge, M. and Nurfeta, A. (2013). Effects of feeding sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves as a supplement on feed intake, growth performance, digestibility and carcass characteristics of Sidama goats fed a basal diet of natural grass hay. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 45(2):593-601.
Mottet, A. and Tempio, G. (2017). Global poultry production:
current state and future outlook and challenges. World's
Poultry Science Journal, 73(2):245-256.
Ngele, M. B. (2008). Fermentation and metabolic trends in rams fed roughages with various supplements. PhD dissertation, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi-Nigeria.
Ngu, N. T. and Ledin, I. (2005). Effects of feeding wastes from Brassica species on the growth of goats and pesticide/insecticide residues in goat meat. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18(2):197-202.
Omer, H. A. A., Ali, F. A. F. and Gad, S. M. (2021). Replacement of clover hay by biologically treated corn stalks in growing sheep rations. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4: 257-268.
Omotoso, S.O., Ajayi, F. T. Boladuro, B. A. and Emerue, P. C. (2021). A mixed ration of crop residues: Effects on rumen fermentation characteristics and blood indices of West African dwarf sheep. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48(6): 348-362.
Sabbah, M., Allam, A. M., El-Hossseniny, M., Fadel, M., El-Banna, H. M. and Refai, A.R. (2006). Nutrients utilization and performance of lambs fed rations containing corn stover treated chemically and biologically. Journal of Agricultural Science Mansoura University, 81: 1993- 2007.
Salman, F. M., Salama, R., Khattab, A. E., Soliman, S. M. and El-Nomeary, Y. A. (2011). Chemical, biological and biochemical treatments to improve the nutritive values of sugarcane bagasse (SCB): Chemical composition, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro evaluation, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen utilization of untreated or treated SCB. Journal of Life Science, 8(4):361–363.
TAC (2011). Nexard Technical Advisory Committee. The Federal Committee for Meteorological Services and Support for Weather.
Tekliye, L., Mekuriaw, Y., Asmare, B. and Mehret, F. (2018). Nutrient intake, digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Farta sheep fed urea‑treated rice straw supplemented with graded levels of dried Sesbania sesban leaves. Agricultural & Food Security. 7(77):1-10.
Tessema, B., Gonfa, G., Hailegiorgis, S. M. and Prabhu, S. V. (2023). An Overview of Current and Prognostic Trends on Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Biobased Silica. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2023(1):1-23.
Thornton, P. K., Van de Steeg, J., Notenbaert, A. and Herrero, M.
(2009). The impacts of climate change on livestock and
livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we
know and what we need to know. Journal of Agricultural System, 101(3):113-127.
Tsafiyo, B., Zewdle, B., Yirga, H. and Teshome, D. (2022). Effect of groundnut haulms and maize bran mixture supplementation on growth and carcass characteristics performance of local sheep fed pasture hay based diet. Journal of Animal Sciences. 12:36-57.
Weinberg, Z. G., Muck, R. E. and Weimer P. J. (2003). The survival of silage inoculant lactic acid bacteria in rumen fluid. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94: 1066-1071.
Published
2025-02-10
How to Cite
Ogu, I.E., Ikyume, T.T., Shahuu, D.T., Shittu, H.A., & Igbudu, F. A. (2025). Effect of Processing on the Nutritional Quality of Soybean Haulms. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 7(4), 118 - 125. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/382
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