Effect of Essential Oils on Ruminants: Mitigation of Biogas Release and Impact on Physiological Status
Keywords:
Biogas, Mitigation, Nutrient Metabolism, Physiological wellbeing, Ruminants
Abstract
Essential oils obtained from various plant sources have the potential to be used as all-natural supplements in ruminant diets, enhancing animal health while also encouraging environmental sustainability. In order to maintain the efficacy of current production processes, alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters in animal agriculture are required. Essential oils are an excellent alternative owing of their perceived natural characteristics, low toxicity, and lack of residue. Multiple in vitro studies have demonstrated that essential oils have antibacterial properties against a wide range of microorganisms. This review investigates the characteristics and content of essential oils, defines how they work in the rumen, and examines how they influence methane production, nutrient uptake, and rumen fermentation. In addition, the study investigates how rumen pH, microbial populations and nutrient metabolism are affected by essential oils. Aspects such as the selection of essential oils, the dosage and the difficulties of their practical application in ruminant production systems are also discussed in the review. This review focuses on the effect of essential oils on ruminants, especially how they affect the physiological state of ruminants and reduce biogas production. While exploring the in vivo effects on physiological expressions, biochemical patterns, antioxidation and immune functions of animals, it covers essential oil basics. Possible directions for further research in this area are suggested as the evaluation nears completion.
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References
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Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., Castillejos, L. and Ferret, A. (2007). Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(6):2580-2595.
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Chaves, A.V., Stanford, K., Dugan, M.E.R., Gibson, L.L., McAllister, T.A. and Van Herk, F. (2008). Effects of cinnamaldehyde, garlic, and juniper berry essential oils on microbial fermentation and in vitro ruminal methane production. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 88(3): 409-417.
Cobellis, G., Trabalza-Marinucci, M. and Yu, Z. (2016). Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 556-568.
Davidson, P.M. and Naidu, A.S. (2000). Phyto-phenols. In Natural food antimicrobial systems (ed. AS Naidu), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 265–294.
Dehority, B.A. (2010). Physiological characteristics of several rumen protozoa grown in vitro with observations on within and among species variation. European Journal of Protistology. 46: 271-279.
Falleh, H., Ben Jemaa, M., Saada, M. and Ksouri, R. (2020). Essential oils: A promising eco-friendly food preservative. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 330: 127 - 268.
Faniyi, T.O., Adewumi, M., Prates, Ê. and Ayangbenro, A. (2016). Effect of herbs and spices (plant extracts) on rumen microbial activities: a review. Publicações em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 10(6):477- 486.
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Goodland, R. and Anhang, J. (2009). Livestock and climate change: What if the key actors in climate change are cows, pigs, and chickens? World Watch, 22: 10-19.
Greathead, H. (2003). Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 62: 279-290.
Griffin, S.G., Wyllie, S.G., Marham, J.L. and Leach, D.N. (1999). The role of structure and molecular properties of terpenoids in determining their antimicrobial activity. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 14: 322–332
Hart, K.J., Yáñez-Ruiz, D.R., Duval, S.M., McEwan, N.R. and Newbold, C.J. (2008). Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 147: 835.
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Hippenstiel, F., Rahn, K. and Blum, J.W. (2011). Carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol reduce the viability of enteric pathogenic bacteria and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines in porcine jejunal epithelial cells. Research in Veterinary Science, 91(1):78-84.
Horky, P., Skalickova, S., Smerkova, K., Skladanka, J. (2019). Essential oils as a feed additive: Pharmacokinetics and potential toxicity in monogastric animals. Animals, 9(6): 15.
Hristov, A.N., Ropp, J.K., Zaman, S. and Melgar, A. (2008). Effects of essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation and ammonia release. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.034.
Izgi, M.N., Telci, I. and Elmastas, M. (2017). Variation in essential oil composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) varieties cultivated in two different ecologies. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 29(6): 494-8.
Jouany, J.P. and Morgavi, D.P. (2007). Use of ‘natural’ products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. The Animal Consortium, 1:10: 1443–1466.
Juárez, M., Horcada, A., Alcalde, M.J., Valera, M., Polvillo, O. and Molina, A. (2011). Thyme oil as a dietary supplement for beef cattle: Effects on methane production and rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 164(3-4): 212-218.
Kim, E., Kim, C.H., Min, K.S. and Lee, S. (2012). Effects of plant extracts on microbial population, methane emission and ruminal fermentation characteristics in in vitro. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 25:806-811.
Kishawy, A.T., Amer, S.A., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Saadeldin, I.M., Swelum, A.A. (2019). The impact of dietary linseed oil and pomegranate peel extract on broiler growth, carcass traits, serum lipid profile, and meat fatty acid, phenol, and flavonoid contents. Asian-Australas Journal of Animal Science, 32(8):161-71.
Laios, K., Lytsikas-Sarlis, P., Manes, K., Kontaxaki, M.I., Karamanou, M. and Androutsos, G. (2019). Drugs for mental illnesses in ancient greek medicine. Psychiatrike, 30(1): 58-65.
Lee, H.G., Cheng, S.S. and Chang, S.T. (2005). Antifungal property of the essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf against tree pathogenic fungi. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85: 2047–2053.
Lila, M.A., Yasui, T., Sugimoto, Y., Harada, H. and Kurokawa, Y. (2013). Effect of cinnamon oil on methane production and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 91(5): 2321-2327.
Lin, S.L., Wang, Z.Y., Lam, K.L., Zeng, S.X., Tan, B.K., Hu, J.M. (2019). Role of intestinal microecology in the regulation of energy metabolism by dietary polyphenols and their metabolites. Food and Nutrition Research, 63: 12.
Mahgoub, S.A.M., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Saadeldin, I.M., Hussein, M.A., Swelum, A. A., Alagawany, M. (2019). Impact of Rosmarinus officinalis cold-pressed oil on health, growth performance, intestinal bacterial populations, and immunocompetence of Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 98(5):2139-49
Mathe, A. (2009). Essential oils: Biochemistry, production and utilization. Journal of agriculture and food chemistry, 57(16): 7359-7368.
Martin, C., Morgavi, D.P. and Doreau, M. (2010). Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. Animal, 4:351-365.
McIntosh, F.M., Williams, P., Losa, R., Wallace, R. J., Beever, D. A. and Newbold, C. J. (2003). Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69(8):5011-5014.
McSweeney, C. and Mackie, R. (2012). Microorganisms and ruminant digestion: state of knowledge, trends and future prospects. Background study paper. Roma.
Michiels, J., Missotten, J., Dierick, N., Fremaut, D., Maene, P., De Smet, S. (2008). In vitro degradation and in vivo passage kinetics of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88(13):2371-81.
Murray, R., Bryant, A. and Leng, R. (1976). Rates of production of methane in the rumen and large intestine of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition, 36:1-14.
Newbold, C.J., McIntosh, F.M., Williams, P., Losa, R. and Wallace, R. J. (2004). Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 114: 105-112.
Nogueira, J.R., Gonçalves, M.A., Silva, A.G., Oliveira, L.F., Santos, E.M. and Souza, R. T. (2012). Influence of thyme oil on beef cattle growth performance and health. Animal Production Science, 52(12): 1083-1090.
Patra, A.K. (2011). Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation, microbial ecology, and ruminant production. Asian Journal of animal and veterinary advances, 6(5): 416-428.
Patra, A.K. and Yu, Z. (2012). Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation in mixed rumen culture. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 178(1-2): 124-130.
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Published
2025-02-10
How to Cite
Faniyi, T. O., Amusan, E. T., & Somorin, M. O. (2025). Effect of Essential Oils on Ruminants: Mitigation of Biogas Release and Impact on Physiological Status . Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 7(4), 94 - 107. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/380
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Articles
