Physiological Parameters and Economics of Production of Grower Pigs Fed Solid Waste Product of Sugar Industry (Swapsi) Meal-Based Diets
Keywords:
SWAPSI, Growth, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass yield, Economics, Grower Pigs
Abstract
Thirty-two growing pigs averaging 25.50 kg live weight were used in a 49-day experiment to investigate the effect of replacing maize with solid waste product of sugar industry (SWAPSI) on performance of grower pigs. Four diets tagged T1, T2, T3 and T4 were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. SWAPSI replaced maize at 0, 25, 50 and 75% for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Treatment 1 (T1) functioned as the reference diet for the experiment. The pigs were allotted to the four treatment groups at the proportion of 2 pigs per replicate and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results showed that SWAPSI is low in crude protein and other nutrients but rich in crude fibre, nitrogen-free extract, and carbohydrate. The digestibility of dry matter, crude fat and crude fibre were improved (P<0.05). Diet T4 improved (P<0.05) live weight (38.95 kg/pig), empty carcass (28.00 kg/pig), dressing percentage (71.91%), carcass length (76.45 cm/pig), ham (3.40 vs. 3.60 kg/pig for T3 and T4), loin (2.25 kg/pig) and loin eye area (110.25 m2, T4) but depressed weight of belly as pigs fed the reference diet had higher weight (1.49 kg/pig) when compared to the rest of the treatment groups. Similarly, the inclusion of SWAPSI improved (P<0.05) the weight of liver but reduced cost of feed consumed and total cost of production. Therefore, pig farmers can include up to 50% SWAPSI as a replacement for maize in the diets of pigs without adverse effect on the growth rate, meat quality and cost-effectiveness.
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References
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Spackma, D.H., Stein, W.H. and Mare, S. (1958). Automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids. Anal. Chem., 301: 1185-1190.
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Thani, R. J., Alu, S. E. and Yakubu, A. (2018). Evaluation of differently processed Kidney bean seeds on nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions: Implications for monogastric animal feeding. Nigerian J. Anim. Sci. 2018, 20 (1): 134-144.
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Aduku, A.O. (2004) Animal Nutrition in the Tropics. Feeds and Feeding, Pasture Management, Monogastric and Ruminant Nutrition Pp. 17-18.
Alu, S. E., Kaankuka, F.G. and Oluremi, O.I.A. (2009). Effects of Nutrase Xyla® enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility by weaner pigs fed low or high fibre diets. Production Agriculture and Technology Journal, PAT 5(2):327-334.
Alu, S.E. (2013). Economic analysis of production and growth response of broiler chickens fed sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) scrapping meal (SCSM)- based diets. 10: 1-6. ©World’s Poultry Science Association-Nigerian Branch.
Alu, S.E. (2024). Solid waste product of sugar industry (SWAPSI): a global viable recourse for animal feed crises. The 39th inaugural lecture of the Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria; p 20-63, delivered on Wednesday 28th February 2024.
Alu, S.E., Adenkola, A.Y., Oluremi, O.I.A. and Kaankuka, F.G. (2011). Effects of Nutrase xyla®enzyme supplementation on haematological parameters of growing pigs fed low or high fibre diets. Journal of Life and physical sciences. ActaSATECH 4(1): 15-24.
Alu, S.E., Ari, M.M. and Ogah, D.M. (2015). Thermal processing methods and their influence on nutrients and anti-nutrients composition of Flamboyant seeds (Delonix regia). FULafia J. Sci. Tech.1 (1):43-48.
Alu, S.E., Kaankuka, F.G. and Oluremi, O.I.A. (2009). Effect of Nutrase xyla® enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility by weaner pigs fed low or high fibre diets. Production Agriculture and Technology. 5 (2): 327-334.
Alu, S.E., Kaankuka, F.G. and Oluremi, O.I.A. (2010). The Interactive Effect of Nutrase Xyla® Enzyme Supplementation on the Carcass Characteristics of grower pigs Fed Low or High Fibre Diets. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Research 7 (1): 205-212.
Alu, S.E., Kaankuka, F.G., Bello, M. and Salau, E.S. (2013). Growth parameters and economic analysis of broiler finisher birds’ production fed sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) scrapping meal (SCSM)- based diets. Journal of Life and physical sciences. ActaSATECH 4 (2): 51-60.
Alu, S.E., Oluremi, O.I.A. and Kaankuka, F.G. (2012). Effect of Nutrase xyla® supplementation on growth performance of grower pigs fed low or high fibre diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 11 (11): 1096-1098, ISSN 1680-5194 @ Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.
Ani, A.O. (2024). Non-ruminant production with alternative feed materials: a panacea for sustainable animal protein in a weak economy. 210th inaugural lecture of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; PP 154, delivered on Thursday 22nd August 2024.
AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (Ed. Herrick K), 17th Edition. Washington, DC, USA.
AOAC. (2002). Association of official analytical chemists. 15th ed. William Tryd Press. Richmond Virginia, V.S.A.
Biobaku, W. O., Bamgbose, A. M. and Achike, C. U. (2003). Utilization of different protein sources for growing rabbits. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 26:73-77.
Bruinsma, J. (2003). Livestock Production In: J. Bruinsma (ed.) World agriculture: towards 2015/2030. An FAO perspective. Earth scan Publications Ltd, London.
Church, D.C. and Pond, W.G. (1988). Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. pp. 27 – 55.
Duncan, D. B. (1997). Multiple Ranges and Multiple F Test. Biometric, 11: 1-42.
Esonu, B.O. (2000). Animal nutrition and feeding: a functional approach, Third edition, PP 302.
Feteris, W.A. (1965). A serum glucose method without protein precipitation. Journal of a Medical Technology, 31:17-21.
Fombad, R.B. and Maffeja, F. (1980). Partial replacement effect of maize with graded levels of corncobs in pig weaner/grower diets. Institute of Animal Research Mankon Station, bamenda, Cameroon. Vol. 2.
Frandson, R.D. (1986) Anatomy and physiology of farm Animals. Fourth Edition. Lea & Febiger Philadelphia PP 234 – 240.
Goodwin, D.H. (1973). Pig management and Production; A Practical guide for farmers and students. Hutchinson & co. (Publishers) Ltd. PP. 71 – 75.
Griffiths, D. W. and Jones, D. I. (1977). Cellulase inhibition by tannins in the testa of field beans (Vicia faba L.). J. Sci. Food. Agric. 28: 938-989.
Gupta, A. K. and Deodhar, A. D. (1975). Variation in Trypsin inhibitor activity in soybean (Glycine max). Indian J. Nutr. Diet. 12: 81-84.
Hammerstrand, G. E., Black, L. T. and Glover, J. D. (1981). Trypsin inhibitor activity in soybean products modification of standard analytical procedure. Cereal Chem., 58: 42-45.
Holness, D. H. (1991). The Tropical Agriculturalist: Pigs. The Macmillan Press Ltd. London and Basingstoke, PP. 49 – 59.
Ikelegbe, O. O. and Edokpe, D. A. (2013). African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrient and development 13 (5), 8388—8400.
Libert, B. and Franceschi, V. R. (1987). Oxalate in Crop Plants. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 35: 926-93.
Makkar, H. P. S. and Becker, K. (1996). Nutritional value and anti-nutritional components of whole and ethanol extracted italicize leaves. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 63: 211-228.
NIMET (2019). Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Oluolokun, J. A. and Olaloku, E. A. (1999). The effects of graded levels of brewer’s spent grains and kola nut pod meal on performance characteristics and carcass quality of rabbits. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 26: 71 – 77.
Onyimonyi A. E; And Onu E. (2009). An assessment of Pawpaw Leaf Meal as Protein Ingredient for Finishing Broiler. International Journal for Poultry science 8 (10): 995-998.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding Parent Stock. Zootechnology International. pp. 22-25.
Randolph, T., Schelling, E., Grace, D., Nicholson, C. F., Leroy, J., Cole, D., Demment, M., Omore, A., Zinsstag, J. and Ruel, M. (2007). Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries. Journal of Animal Science, 85(11): 2788–2800.
Roschlan, P., Bernet, E. and Grubner, W. (1974). Veterinary clinical pathology. 2nd Edition, philadephia. W.B. Saunders company pp.403-407.
Schalm, O.W., Jain, M.C. and Caroli, E.J. (1975). In:Veterinary haematology 2nd edition. Published by Lea and Febiger Philadelphia. Pp192-250.
Smith, J., Sones, K., Grace, D., MacMillan, S., Tarawali, S. and Herrero, M. (2013). Beyond milk, meat, and eggs: Role of livestock in food and nutrition security. Animal Frontiers,
Steel, R. G. D. and Torries, J. H. (1980). Principles and procedures of statistics 2nd Ed. McGraw, Hill New York, U.S. A. 633pp. 3(1): 6–13.
Spackma, D.H., Stein, W.H. and Mare, S. (1958). Automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids. Anal. Chem., 301: 1185-1190.
Steward, E. (1974). Chemical analysis of ecology material. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp.: 298-312.
Thani, R. J., Alu, S. E. and Yakubu, A. (2018). Evaluation of differently processed Kidney bean seeds on nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions: Implications for monogastric animal feeding. Nigerian J. Anim. Sci. 2018, 20 (1): 134-144.
Uko, J. O. and Kamalu, T. N. (2003). Studies on feeding value of Neem seed kernel (Azadirachta indica A. juss) in poultry meat production. Ph.D, thesis department of veterinary physiology/pharmacology. University of Nigeria, Nigeria.
Wheeler, E. L. and Ferrel, R. E. (1971). A method for phytic acid determination in wheat and wheat fractions. Cereal Chem., 48: 312-320.
Published
2025-02-06
How to Cite
Alu, S. E., Musa, I. S., Nata’alah, H.K., Alokoson, J. I., & Oduh, I. O. (2025). Physiological Parameters and Economics of Production of Grower Pigs Fed Solid Waste Product of Sugar Industry (Swapsi) Meal-Based Diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 7(4), 49 - 62. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/377
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