Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Pullet Chicks Fed Diets with Low Energy and Crude Protein Contents with Enzyme as Additive
Keywords:
Keywords: Haematology, serum, biochemistry, chicks, energy, crude protein
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the haematological and serum biochemical response of pullet chicks (Isa Brown) fed low energy and crude protein diets with enzyme as additive. The study was conducted from day old to 8 weeks of age with combined dietary levels of 2800, 2600 and, 2400 kcal/kg of energy and 20, 17and, 15% of crude protein (CP). The pullet chicks were assigned to 9 treatments of 60 birds per group, in four replications of 15 birds per replicate, in a 3×3 factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total white blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes, and heterophils were significantly (p<0.05) affected by dietary interaction (energy×protein) levels. Urea, creatinine, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, and K+, parameters for pullet chick kidney function test were found to increase significantly (p<0.05) across interaction levels from 2800kcal/kg×20% CP to 2400kcal/kg×15% CP. Values for total protein, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase, alanine phosphatase, bilirubin and glucose were found to decrease significantly (p<0.05) across treatments from 2800kcal/kg×20% CP to 2400kcal/kg×15% CP. Lipid profile tests were found to be significantly (p<0.05) different among dietary treatments. The results of haematological and serum biochemical parameters for pullet chicks showed no detrimental health challenge across dietary treatments for birds fed low-energy and low-crude protein diets.
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References
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Abudabos, A. M., Al-Ghadi, M. Q., and Al-Atiyat, R. M. (2017). The impact of enzyme supplementation on the performance and nutrient digestibility of broilers fed low-energy diets. Poultry Science Journal, 6(1):15-24.
Adedokun, S. A., and Olojede, O. C. (2019). Optimizing gastrointestinal integrity in poultry: the role of nutrients and feed additives. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5:348-.
Adeola, O., and Cowieson, A. J. (2011). Board-invited review: Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production. Journal of Animal Science, 89(10): 3189-3218.
Adeyemi, O. A., Sobayo, R. A., and Arifalo, T. O. (2020). Dietary effects on immunity and haematology of poultry: A review. Journal of Animal Science Research, 32(2):47-56.
Agida, C. A. (2019). Proximate, mineral analysis and growth performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing palm oil mill effluent. Nigeria Agricultural Journal, 50(2):81-86.
Ajakaiye, J. J., Perez-Bello, A. & Mollineda-Trujillo, A. (2011). Impact of heat stress on egg quality in layer hens supplemented with l-ascorbic acid and dl-tocopherol acetate Veterinarski Archive. 81(1), 119–132.
Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., and Farag, M. R. (2018). The role of exogenous enzymes in promoting growth and improving nutrient digestibility in poultry. Iranian journal of veterinary research, 19(3): 157–164.
Amaefule, K. U., Ojewola, G. S., Uchegbu, E. U. (2004).The effect of methionine, lysine and/or vitamin C (ascorbic acid) supplementation on egg production and egg quality characteristics of layers in the humid tropics. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #64. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/9/amae16064.htm
Apalowo, O. O., Ekunseitan, D. A., and Fasina, Y. O. (2024). Impact of heat stress on broiler chicken production. Poultry, 3(2):107-128.
Barszcz, M., Tuśnio, A., and Taciak, M. (2024). Poultry nutrition. Physical Sciences Reviews, 9(2):611-650.
Belloir, P., Méda, B., Lambert, W., Corrent, E., Juin, H., Lessire, M., and Tesseraud, S. (2017). Reducing the CP content in broiler feeds: impact on animal performance, meat quality, and nitrogen utilization. Animal, 11(11):1881-1889.
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Bregendahl, K., Sell, J. L., and Zimmerman, D. R. (2002). Effect of low-protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 81(8):1156-1167.
Burley, H. K., Patterson, P. H., and Anderson, K. E. (2016). Alternative feeding strategies and genetics for providing adequate methionine in organic poultry diets with limited use of synthetic amino acids. World's Poultry Science Journal, 72(1), 168-177.
Chharang, D. (2022). Non-conventional animal feed resources. Blue Rose Publishers. Pp. 87.
Ebeid, T. A., Zeweil, H. S., and Basyony, M. M. (2012). Influence of reducing dietary crude protein and energy levels on performance and physiological parameters of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 12(3):51-64.
Esther, K. S. (2021). Performance of Exotic Chicken fed insect-based diets effect on laying Capacity, Egg Characteristics, and Economic Returns (Doctoral dissertation, Egerton University).
Fanatico, A. C., Arsi, K., Upadhyaya, I., Ramos, J. M., Donoghue, D., and Donoghue, A. M. (2018). Sustainable fish and invertebrate meals for methionine and protein feeds in organic poultry production. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 27(4): 437-448.
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Kamran, Z., Sarwar, M., Nisa, M., Nadeem, M. A., Mahmood, S., Babar, M. E., and Ahmed, S. (2008). Effect of low-protein diets having constant energy-to-protein ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from one to thirty-five days of age. Poultry Science, 87(3):468-474.
Karcher, D. M., and Applegate, T. J. (2015). Modulation of intestinal function by enzymes and their effects on electrolyte balance. World's Poultry Science Journal, 71(2), 409-420.
Leeson, S., and Summers, J. D. (2009). Commercial poultry nutrition (3rd ed.). Nottingham University Press.
Mitruka, B. M., and Rawnsley, H. M. (1977). Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in normal experimental animals, pp. 272.
Monika, Savitri, Kumar, V., Kumari, A., Angmo, K., and Bhalla, T. C. (2017). Isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria from traditional pickles of Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54:1945-1952.
Musa, H. H., Meng, Q. W., and He, Y. (2021). Dietary interventions for improved kidney function in poultry. International Journal of Poultry Science, 20(4):183-190.
Nawab, A., Ibtisham, F., Li, G., Kieser, B., Wu, J., Liu, W., ... and An, L. (2018). Heat stress in poultry production: Mitigation strategies to overcome the future challenges facing the global poultry industry. Journal of thermal biology, 78:131-139.
Odetola, O. M., Egbewande, O. O., and Okanlawon, O. G. (2012). Hematological and serum biochemical response of broilers to varied levels of dietary protein. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(44):10221-10226.
Oke, O. E., Akosile, O. A., Uyanga, V. A., Oke, F. O., Oni, A. I., Tona, K., and Onagbesan, O. M. (2024). Climate change and broiler production. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 10(3), e1416.
Panda, A. K., Ramana, D. V., and Rao, S. V. (2014). Low protein diets supplemented with amino acids: Performance and body composition of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 23(4), 605-613.
Pesti, G. M., and Choct, M. (2023). The future of feed formulation for poultry: Toward more sustainable production of meat and eggs. Animal Nutrition, 15: 71-87.
Pond, W. G., Church, D. B., Pond, K. R., and Schoknecht, P. A. (2004). Basic animal nutrition and feeding. John Wiley and Sons.
Qaid, M. M., and Al-Garadi, M. A. (2021). Protein and amino acid metabolism in poultry during and after heat stress: a review. Animals, 11(4):1167.
Ritchie, H., Reay, D. S., and Higgins, P. (2018). The impact of global dietary guidelines on climate change. Global environmental change, 49:46-55.
Ross, J. G., Christie, G., Halliday, W. G. and Jones, R. M. (1978). Haematological and blood chemistry comparison values for clinical pathology in Poultry Veterinary Record 102: 29-31.
Simaraks, S., Chinrasri, O., and Aengwanich, W. (2004). Hematological, electrolyte and serum biochemical values of the Thai indigenous chickens (Gallus domesticus) in northeastern, Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(3):425-430.
Sturkie, P. D. (1965). Avian physiology. Pp 78.
Zhao, L., Temelli, F., and Chen, L. (2017). Encapsulation of anthocyanin in liposomes using supercritical carbon dioxide:
Effects of anthocyanin and sterol concentrations. Journal of Functional Foods, 34:159-167.
Abioja, M. O., and Abiona, J. A. (2021). Impacts of climate change to poultry production in Africa: Adaptation options for broiler chickens. In African handbook of climate change adaptation (pp. 275-296).
Abudabos, A. M., Al-Ghadi, M. Q., and Al-Atiyat, R. M. (2017). The impact of enzyme supplementation on the performance and nutrient digestibility of broilers fed low-energy diets. Poultry Science Journal, 6(1):15-24.
Adedokun, S. A., and Olojede, O. C. (2019). Optimizing gastrointestinal integrity in poultry: the role of nutrients and feed additives. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5:348-.
Adeola, O., and Cowieson, A. J. (2011). Board-invited review: Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production. Journal of Animal Science, 89(10): 3189-3218.
Adeyemi, O. A., Sobayo, R. A., and Arifalo, T. O. (2020). Dietary effects on immunity and haematology of poultry: A review. Journal of Animal Science Research, 32(2):47-56.
Agida, C. A. (2019). Proximate, mineral analysis and growth performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing palm oil mill effluent. Nigeria Agricultural Journal, 50(2):81-86.
Ajakaiye, J. J., Perez-Bello, A. & Mollineda-Trujillo, A. (2011). Impact of heat stress on egg quality in layer hens supplemented with l-ascorbic acid and dl-tocopherol acetate Veterinarski Archive. 81(1), 119–132.
Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., and Farag, M. R. (2018). The role of exogenous enzymes in promoting growth and improving nutrient digestibility in poultry. Iranian journal of veterinary research, 19(3): 157–164.
Amaefule, K. U., Ojewola, G. S., Uchegbu, E. U. (2004).The effect of methionine, lysine and/or vitamin C (ascorbic acid) supplementation on egg production and egg quality characteristics of layers in the humid tropics. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Vol. 16, Art. #64. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/9/amae16064.htm
Apalowo, O. O., Ekunseitan, D. A., and Fasina, Y. O. (2024). Impact of heat stress on broiler chicken production. Poultry, 3(2):107-128.
Barszcz, M., Tuśnio, A., and Taciak, M. (2024). Poultry nutrition. Physical Sciences Reviews, 9(2):611-650.
Belloir, P., Méda, B., Lambert, W., Corrent, E., Juin, H., Lessire, M., and Tesseraud, S. (2017). Reducing the CP content in broiler feeds: impact on animal performance, meat quality, and nitrogen utilization. Animal, 11(11):1881-1889.
Bist, R. B., Bist, K., Poudel, S., Subedi, D., Yang, X., Paneru, B., ... and Chai, L. (2024). Sustainable poultry farming practices: A critical review of current strategies and future prospects. Poultry Science, 103 (12): 104295.
Boshou, L., Huang, W., He, J., Tian, L., Zhang, H., and Zhou, X. (2017). Effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, hematology, and serum biochemistry in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 8(1):46-58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0186-9
Bregendahl, K., Sell, J. L., and Zimmerman, D. R. (2002). Effect of low-protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 81(8):1156-1167.
Burley, H. K., Patterson, P. H., and Anderson, K. E. (2016). Alternative feeding strategies and genetics for providing adequate methionine in organic poultry diets with limited use of synthetic amino acids. World's Poultry Science Journal, 72(1), 168-177.
Chharang, D. (2022). Non-conventional animal feed resources. Blue Rose Publishers. Pp. 87.
Ebeid, T. A., Zeweil, H. S., and Basyony, M. M. (2012). Influence of reducing dietary crude protein and energy levels on performance and physiological parameters of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 12(3):51-64.
Esther, K. S. (2021). Performance of Exotic Chicken fed insect-based diets effect on laying Capacity, Egg Characteristics, and Economic Returns (Doctoral dissertation, Egerton University).
Fanatico, A. C., Arsi, K., Upadhyaya, I., Ramos, J. M., Donoghue, D., and Donoghue, A. M. (2018). Sustainable fish and invertebrate meals for methionine and protein feeds in organic poultry production. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 27(4): 437-448.
George, A. S., and George, A. H. (2023). Optimizing poultry production through advanced monitoring and control systems. Partners Universal International Innovation Journal, 1(5): 77-97.
Kamran, Z., Sarwar, M., Nisa, M., Nadeem, M. A., Mahmood, S., Babar, M. E., and Ahmed, S. (2008). Effect of low-protein diets having constant energy-to-protein ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from one to thirty-five days of age. Poultry Science, 87(3):468-474.
Karcher, D. M., and Applegate, T. J. (2015). Modulation of intestinal function by enzymes and their effects on electrolyte balance. World's Poultry Science Journal, 71(2), 409-420.
Leeson, S., and Summers, J. D. (2009). Commercial poultry nutrition (3rd ed.). Nottingham University Press.
Mitruka, B. M., and Rawnsley, H. M. (1977). Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in normal experimental animals, pp. 272.
Monika, Savitri, Kumar, V., Kumari, A., Angmo, K., and Bhalla, T. C. (2017). Isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria from traditional pickles of Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54:1945-1952.
Musa, H. H., Meng, Q. W., and He, Y. (2021). Dietary interventions for improved kidney function in poultry. International Journal of Poultry Science, 20(4):183-190.
Nawab, A., Ibtisham, F., Li, G., Kieser, B., Wu, J., Liu, W., ... and An, L. (2018). Heat stress in poultry production: Mitigation strategies to overcome the future challenges facing the global poultry industry. Journal of thermal biology, 78:131-139.
Odetola, O. M., Egbewande, O. O., and Okanlawon, O. G. (2012). Hematological and serum biochemical response of broilers to varied levels of dietary protein. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(44):10221-10226.
Oke, O. E., Akosile, O. A., Uyanga, V. A., Oke, F. O., Oni, A. I., Tona, K., and Onagbesan, O. M. (2024). Climate change and broiler production. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 10(3), e1416.
Panda, A. K., Ramana, D. V., and Rao, S. V. (2014). Low protein diets supplemented with amino acids: Performance and body composition of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 23(4), 605-613.
Pesti, G. M., and Choct, M. (2023). The future of feed formulation for poultry: Toward more sustainable production of meat and eggs. Animal Nutrition, 15: 71-87.
Pond, W. G., Church, D. B., Pond, K. R., and Schoknecht, P. A. (2004). Basic animal nutrition and feeding. John Wiley and Sons.
Qaid, M. M., and Al-Garadi, M. A. (2021). Protein and amino acid metabolism in poultry during and after heat stress: a review. Animals, 11(4):1167.
Ritchie, H., Reay, D. S., and Higgins, P. (2018). The impact of global dietary guidelines on climate change. Global environmental change, 49:46-55.
Ross, J. G., Christie, G., Halliday, W. G. and Jones, R. M. (1978). Haematological and blood chemistry comparison values for clinical pathology in Poultry Veterinary Record 102: 29-31.
Simaraks, S., Chinrasri, O., and Aengwanich, W. (2004). Hematological, electrolyte and serum biochemical values of the Thai indigenous chickens (Gallus domesticus) in northeastern, Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(3):425-430.
Sturkie, P. D. (1965). Avian physiology. Pp 78.
Zhao, L., Temelli, F., and Chen, L. (2017). Encapsulation of anthocyanin in liposomes using supercritical carbon dioxide:
Effects of anthocyanin and sterol concentrations. Journal of Functional Foods, 34:159-167.
Published
2025-09-03
How to Cite
Adiele, C. J., Ogbuu, E. E., 1Ogbuu, E. E, 1Obioma, C. A., Ukachukwu, S. N., Amaefule, K.U., & Uchechi Ihugba, E. (2025). Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Pullet Chicks Fed Diets with Low Energy and Crude Protein Contents with Enzyme as Additive. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 8(2), 109-123. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/440
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