Preliminary Investigation on Genetic Diversity of Nigerian Native Goat Populations Based on Haemoglobin Polymorphism

V. M. Ghaya,; A. O. Abdulraheem; J. Adamu; J. Yerima; B. M. Munza; Z. M. Chana; J. Aliyu; A. O. Raji

V. M. Ghaya, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State
A. O. Abdulraheem Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State
J. Adamu Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State
J. Yerima Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State
B. M. Munza Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State
Z. M. Chana Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State
J. Aliyu Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State
A. O. Raji Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State

Keywords: Keywords: genetic distance, phylogenetic tree, population, diversity, Haemoglobin, goats

Abstract

Abstract

Genetic diversity of three native goat populations in Maiduguri was determined based on Haemoglobin polymorphism. A total of 100 goats were studied comprising Borno white (53), Sokoto red (26) and West African Dwarf goat (21). Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis procedures were adopted to assess Haemoglobin-types. Mendelian ratio for genotype inheritance was tested using chi-square ( ) test. Genetic distance was estimated from gene frequencies and dendrogram was drawn from genetic distance. Three Haemoglobin variants (Hb AA, AB and BB) under two codominant alleles (Hb A and B) were detected. Borno white and WAD had the three Hb variants while Hb BB was absent in Sokoto red. Borno white and WAD goat populations were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) while Sokoto red deviated significantly (P<0.05). Local inbreeding coefficients were negative (-0.587, -0.677 and -0.441) in the population. This indicates disassortative mating. Heterozygosity indices (HI, HS and HT) were high, indicative of rich genetic diversity. Heterozygote deficit within (F_IS) and across (F_IT) populations were negative suggesting high heterozygosity. Genetic differentiations were low (-6.0, 0.0, 0.00024%). Borno white had higher genetic distance (0.009165) with Sokoto red, and lower (0.000720) with WAD. Phylogenetic tree distinguished Sokoto red from other breeds. Borno white and WAD were clustered together indicating genetic relationship. From this study, it can be concluded that Hb AB was predominant and Sokoto red goat population has been badly affected by forces influencing genotype and gene frequencies.

Keywords: genetic distance, phylogenetic tree, population, diversity, Haemoglobin, goats

Abstract

Genetic diversity of three native goat populations in Maiduguri was determined based on Haemoglobin polymorphism. A total of 100 goats were studied comprising Borno white (53), Sokoto red (26) and West African Dwarf goat (21). Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis procedures were adopted to assess Haemoglobin-types. Mendelian ratio for genotype inheritance was tested using chi-square ( ) test. Genetic distance was estimated from gene frequencies and dendrogram was drawn from genetic distance. Three Haemoglobin variants (Hb AA, AB and BB) under two codominant alleles (Hb A and B) were detected. Borno white and WAD had the three Hb variants while Hb BB was absent in Sokoto red. Borno white and WAD goat populations were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) while Sokoto red deviated significantly (P<0.05). Local inbreeding coefficients were negative (-0.587, -0.677 and -0.441) in the population. This indicates disassortative mating. Heterozygosity indices (HI, HS and HT) were high, indicative of rich genetic diversity. Heterozygote deficit within (F_IS) and across (F_IT) populations were negative suggesting high heterozygosity. Genetic differentiations were low (-6.0, 0.0, 0.00024%). Borno white had higher genetic distance (0.009165) with Sokoto red, and lower (0.000720) with WAD. Phylogenetic tree distinguished Sokoto red from other breeds. Borno white and WAD were clustered together indicating genetic relationship. From this study, it can be concluded that Hb AB was predominant and Sokoto red goat population has been badly affected by forces influencing genotype and gene frequencies.

Keywords: genetic distance, phylogenetic tree, population, diversity, Haemoglobin, goats

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

References
Abdulraheem, A.O., Mohammed, A., Mohammed, A.A., Raji, A.O. and Aliyu, J. (2024a). Genetic architecture of Northeast Nigerian indigenous chicken populations based on haemoglobin polymorphisms. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 7(3):112-121.

Abdulraheem, A.O., Waziri, O.B., Mohammed, A., Kolo, U.M., Raji, A.O. and Aliyu, J. (2024b). phenotypic and biochemical diversity of Nigerian dromedary camels in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. ASRIC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(1): 20-28.
gaviezor, B.O., Ajayi, F.O., Benneth, H.N. (2013). Haemoglobin polymorphism in Nigerian indigenous goats in the Niger delta region, Nigeria. International Journal Science and Nature, 4(3):415-419.

Akinyemi, M.O. and Salako, A.E. (2012). Genetic relationship among Nigerian indigenous sheep populations using blood protein polymorphism. Agricultural Science and Technology, 4(2):107-112.

Akpa, G.N., Ibrahim, O.A., Yakubu, H. and Kabir, M. (2011). Sexual dimorphism, haemoglobin polymorphism and body mensuration characteristics of Red Sokoto goats. Proceedings of the35t h Annual conference of genetic Society of Nigeria 10th -14th October, 2011, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 2-7.

Alphonsus, C., Akpa, G.N., Usman, N., Barje, P.P. and Byanet, O. (2012). Haemoglobin polymorphism and its distribution in smallholder goat herds in Abuja, Nigeria. Global Journal of Molecular Sciences, 7(1): 11-14.

Awobajo, O.K, Salako A.E, Akinyemi M.O and Osaiyuwu O.H. (2016). Analysis of genetic structure of West African Dwarf goats by allozyme markers. Small Ruminant Research, 136:145-150.

Ayoade, J.A. (2010). Poor man’s cow, Sheep and goat, Inaugural Lecture Series 11, August 2010. Makurdi, Nigeria: Federal University of Agriculture.

Dafur, B.S., Deshi, S.N., Finangwai, H.I., Dafur, G.S. and Nyapson, C.G. (2018). Genetic diversity in Nigerian small ruminants: A Review. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5(10): 155-161.
Das, A. K. and Deb, R. (2008). Biochemical polymorphism and its relation with some traits of importance in poultry. Veterinary World 1:220-222.
Ding, G. Z., Wang, J., Li, Y., Li-Jun Zhang, Y. W., Wang, H., Zhang, Li and Hou, Q. (2010). Genetic diversity of a Chinese native chicken breed, Bian chicken, based on twenty-nine microsatellite markers. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 23(2):154-161.

Diyaware, M.Y., Suleiman, S.B., Alade, N.K. and Popoola, O.M. (2018). Genetic variability of wild and cultured strains of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) from Northeast Nigeria, using microsatellite markers. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 1(1):1-9.
Ganiyu, O., Osaiyuwu, O. H., Akinyemi, M. O. and Salako, E. A.. (2018). Genetic Relationship among Indigenous Goat Populations in Nigeria based on Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis Systems. Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 51 (2): 55-60.
GPS coordinatesVI.49 beta 2019.

Gwaza, D.S., Ukwu, H.O. and Iorungwa, J.M. (2019). Assessment of genetic diversity at the Haemoglobin locus in selected West African Dwarf goat populations in Nigeria. The International Journal of Biotechnology, 8(1):12-18.

Hrinca, G.H. (2008): Haemoglobin types in the Carpathian breed and their relevance for goat adaptation. Lucrări Ştiinţifice (SeriaZootehnie), 54:110-114.

Lamorde, A.G. (1997). Research priorities for sustainable women empowerment and development. A paper presented at the National conference on research as backbone for sustainable development held at Abuja, Nigeria on 11th-15th Aug. 1997. Cited by Abubakar, M.M. 1998: Osinowo, O.A (Ed). The comparative book: 25 years of the Nigeria Society of Animal Production (NSAP). 1973 -1998.

Luikart, G., Gielly, L., Excoffier, L., Vigne. J.D. and Bouvet, J. (2001). Multiple maternal origins and weak phylogenetic structure in domestic goats. Proceedings of National Academic Science, USA 98:5727-5932.

Mabruka S. H. S. and Ahmad A. A. S. (2018). Preliminary investigation of hemoglobin polymorphism and its association with some morphometric traits and hematological parameters of sheep and goats in Northeastern Libya. International Journal of Advanced Research, 6(10):507-515.

Mason’s (1996). Mason’s Encyclopedia of Livestock breeds and breeding 6th edition. Wallingford: CABI.

Mujibi, N. F. (2005). Genetic characterization of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats using microsatellite markers. MSc thesis submitted to the Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.

Naderi, S., Rezaei, H.R., Pompanon, F., Blum, M.G.B., Negerini, R. (2008). The goat domestication process inferred from large scale mitochondria DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals. Proceedings of National Academic Science, USA, 105:17659- 17664.

Ngere, L.O., Adu, I.F and Okubanjo, A.O. (1984). The Indigenous goats of Nigeria. Animal Genetic Resources Information, 3:1-

Nigussie, H., Pal, S.K., Diriba, S., Mekasha, Y., Kebede, K., Abegaz, S. (2016): Phenotypic variation and protein polymorphism of indigenous sheep breeds in eastern Ethiopia Livestock Research for Rural Development, 28(8).

Okpeku, M., Yakubu, A., Peters, S.O., Ozojie, M.O., Ikeobi, C.O., Adebambo, O.A. and Imumorin, I.G. (2011). Application of multivariate principal component analysis to morphological characterization of indigenous goats in Southern Nigeria. Acta agric. Slovenica, 98/2: 101-109.

Osaiyuwu, O.H., Akinyemi, M.O., Omoike, O.A. and Salako, A. E., (2013). Haemoglobin polymorphism in Red Sokoto goats of Nigeria. Journal of Animal Production Advances, 3(9): 278-282.

Osinowo, O.A. (1992). Livestock sub sectional review. Working paper on small ruminant mimeograph. Pp 10 – 14.

Reynld’s J., Weir, B.S. and Cockerham, C.C. (1983). Estimation of the concestry coefficient basisfor a short-term genetic distance. Genetics, 105:767-779.

Rychlik T, Pakulski T and Krawczyk A. (2011). Monitoring genetic variation in a conservation flock of Coloured Merino sheep based on blood group and protein polymorphism. Annals of Animal Science, 11: 41-52.

Salako, A.E., Ijadunola, T.O. and Agbesola, Y.O. (2007). Hemoglobin polymorphism in Nigerian indigenous small ruminant populations- preliminary investigation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6 (22):2636-2638.

Salako, A.E. (2004). Maturity rate of some morphometric traits in the West African Dwarf Sheep of Nigeria. T. Journal of Animal Science, 7(1):51-55.

Takezaki, N. and Nei, M. (1996). Genetic distances and reconstruction of phylogenetic tree from microsatellite DNA. Genetics, 144: 389–399.

Yakubu, A., Aya, V.E. (2012). Analysis of genetic variation in normal feathered, naked and Fulani-ecotype Nigerian indigenous chickens based on Haemoglobin polymorphism. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 28:377-384.

Yakubu, A., Raji, A.O. and Omeje, J.N. (2010). Genetic and phenotypic differentiation of qualitative traits in Nigerian indigenous goat and sheep populations. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 5(2):58-66.

Yayi, J., Barje, P.P., Makama, R.S. (2020). Haemoglobin polymorphism of goats in Southern Kaduna. 45th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production - Bauchi 2020 Book of Proceedings, 170-173.

Zaragoza, P., Arama, A., Zaragoza, I. and Amorena, B. (1987). Blood biochemical polymorphisms in rabbits presently bred in Spain: Genetic variation and distances among populations. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 40:275-286.