Blood Profile and Organ Weights of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Graded Levels of Terminalia Mantaly Leaf Meal
Keywords:
Keyword: Terminalia, organ, mantaly, blood, haematology
Abstract
Abstract
One hundred and fifty (150) day-old Anak broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effect of feeding Terminalia mantaly leaf meal (TLM) based diets on the blood profile and organ weights of broiler chickens. The birds were randomly assigned to 5 treatment diets (replicated into 3 of 10 birds/ replicate) containing 0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6% of TLM, respectively for 6 weeks after a 2-week period of stabilization. The results showed no significant (P>0.05) difference for most parameters considered for organ weights except for heart and kidney. For kidney, T5 had the highest value (0.5867%) while T2 had the lowest (0.4433%). For haematology, haemoglobin Concentration (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly (P<0.05) affected. For haemoglobin Concentration, T3 had the highest value (13.0000g/dl) which was closely followed by T2 (12.1333g/dl), T1 (12.0667g/dl) and T4 (11.4000g/dl) and T5 (10.6667g/dl). For RBC, T3 (3.4400) was significantly (P>0.05) higher while T5 (2.5467) was lowest. T5 had the highest value (41.9233pg) for MCH while T3 recorded lowest (37.8067pg). MCHC followed the same trend as MCH. Biochemical indices showed no significant difference except for total protein and cholesterol. For total protein, T3 had highest value (3.3633g/dl) which was significantly (P<0.05) different from that of T1 (control) (2.3733g/dl). For cholesterol, T3 (110.3533mg/dl), T2 (114.4267mg/dl) and T1 (114.7567mg/dl) had higher values that were significantly (P<0.05) different from that of T4 (103.1833mg/dl). In conclusion, T3 (3.0% Terminalia mantaly leaf meal) with the optimal value in organ weight and better blood profile than others is therefore recommended.
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References
Adegbola TA, Oduoza PC. Nutrient intake, digestibility and performance of rabbits fed varying levels of fermented and unfermented cassava peel meal. Journal of Animal Production Research 12(1):41-47.
Adejuyigbe, A.E., Sogunle, O.M., Onagbesan, O.M., Oke, O.E. (2023). Growth performance and physiological responses of broilers fed Stylosanthes hamata leaf meal in a hot tropical environment. Vet Med Sci. 9(5):2150-2159.
Agbede, J. O and Aletor, V. A., 2003. Comparative evaluation of weaning food from glycerides and leucaena leaf protein concentrates and some commercial brands in Nigeria. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 84: 21 – 34.
Agenas, S, Heath, M.F, Nixon, R.M, Wilkinson, J.M and Philips, C. J. (2006). Indicators of undernutrition in cattle. Anim. Welfare 15: 149-160.
Akinfola, E.O, Matanmi, O, and Fatufe, A.A: Effects of residual cyanogenic glycosides in cassava based diets on serum metabolites of cockerel chicks. Procc. Ann. Conf. Nig. Anim. Prod., pp. 105-107. (2007)
Akinmutimi, A. H. (2011). Performance of Weaner Rabbits Fed Graded Levels of Yam/ Sweet Potato Peal Meal in Place of Maize in a Maize Based Diet. International Journal of Poultry Science. 7(5): 474-474
Akinmutimi, A. H. and Onwukwe, C. C. (2002). Effect of cooking with various concentration of potash on Nutrient composition of Lima beans. Journal of Agricultural. Biotechnology, 1:1-3.
Akinmutimi, A.H., 2004. Evaluation of sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) as an alternative feed resources for broiler chickens. Ph.D Thesis. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
Akintunde, A., Ndubuisi-Ogbona, L.C., Ajayi, O.A., Chioma, C., Jimoh, W.A. and Afodu, O.J (2021). Utilization of Chromolaena odorata leaf meal as a supplement in broiler chickens’ diet. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 23(1):189-198.
Alberts, B. (2005) Leukocyte Functions and Percentage Breakdown. Molecular Biology of the Cell. NCBI Bookshelf.
Allen, P. C. (2009). Effects of daily oral doses of L-arginine on coccidioidomycosis infection in Chickens. Poultry Science, 78:1506-1509.
Amaechi, N.C. (2009). Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of wonderful kola (Buccholzia coricea) seeds. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.8:1120-1122.
Amaefule, K. U., Onwuchuruba, C. F. and Okereke, O.C. (2013). Replacement Value of Soyabean Meal with Raw or Boiled Pigeom Pea Seedmeal in Exotic Pullets Diet. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 15: 37-48
Amata I. A. and Bratte L. (2008). The Effect of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Gliricidia Leaf Meal on the Performance and Organ Weights of Weaner Rabbits in the Tropics. Asian Journal of Animal & Veterinary Advances.3(3):169- 173.
Amel, O. B., Mariam, S. A., Ehsan, A. S., El-Badwi, M. A. S. (2006). Some biochemical values in the young and adult sundaneese geese, Anser anser. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 5:24-26.
Animashahun RA, SO Omoikhoje and AM Bamgbose, 2006. Haematological and biochemical indices of weaner rabbits fed concentrates and Syndrella nodiflora forage supplement. Proc of 11th Ann Conf Anim Sci Assoc of Nigeria. Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp: 29-32.
Anuforo, P.C., Achi, N.K., Anthony, C.C., Egbuonu, A.C.C. and Egu, E.U. (2017). Proximate Analysis and Determination of Some Selected Vitamins and Minerals Contents of Terminalia Catappa Endocarp Flour. Journal of Nutritional Health and Food Science. 5 (5):1-4.
Apata, D. F. and Ojo, V. (200). The efficacy of tricodermaviride enzyme complex in broiler starter fed cowpea testa_coat diets. Proceeding of 25th Annual Conference, Nigerian Society of Animal Production, March 2000, Umudike, Nigeria 2.
Atawodi SE, Yakubu OE, Umar IA. Antioxidant and hepato-protective effects of Parinari curatellifolia root. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2013;15:523–528.
Awah, J. N. and Nottidge (1997). Haematological and serum biochemical parameters in clinically healthy dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Tro. Vet., 16:3-4
Awodi, S., Ayo, J. O., Atodo, A. D. and Dzende, T. (2005). Some haematological parameters and the erythrocyte osomotic fragility in the laughing dove (Streptopella senegalensis) and the village weaner bird (Ploceus cucullatus). Proc. of the 10th Annual Conf. of Anim. Sci. Assoc. of Nig., 384-387..
Bagby, G. C. (2007). Leucopenia and leucocytosis. In: Goldman L. Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia. Pa: Saunders Elsevier, 173.
Baker and R E Silverton (2002). “Introduction to Medical Laboratory”
Bamishaiye, E., Muhammad, N. and Bamishaiye, O. (2009). Haematological parameters of albino rats fed on tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus) tuber oil meat-based diet. The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness, 10(1):
Ben Salem HAH, Niprilo A and Nefzauoi A, 2009. Polythylene glycol in concentrate or feed blocks to deactivate condensed tannis in Acacia Cyanophylla Lindi forage: Effects on intake digestion and growth by barbine lambs. Animal science, 75:127-135.
Bentrick, S., 2004. Haematology, Textbook of Veterinary Pathology. Publ. Williams and Co. Baltimore, pp: 217-224.
Beski SSM, Swick RA, Iji PA. (2015). Specialized protein products in broiler chicken nutrition: A review. Animal Nutrition, 1(2):47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.05.005.
Borin K., Lindberg J. E. and Ogle R. B. (2006). Digestibility and digestive organ development in indigenous and improved chickens and ducks fed diets with increasing inclusion levels of cassava leaf meal. J. Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)90 (5-6):230-237.
Daramola, O.T. (2019). Medicinal Plants Leaf Meal Supplementation in Broiler Chicken Diet: Effects on Performance Characteristics, Serum Metabolite and Antioxidant Status. Animal Research International, 16(2):3334-3342.
Dellman, H. and E. Brown, 2006. Text book on Veterinary Histology. Publ. LEA and Febilger Philadelphia, pp: 88-96.
Duncan, D.B. (1955) Multiple Range and Multiple F-Test. Biometrics, 11:1-5.
Durunna C. S., Chiaka I. I., Ebenebe O. E., Udedibie A. B. I., Uchegbu M. C. and Durunna O. N. (2011). Value of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Meal as Feed Ingredient in the Diet of Finisher. International J. of Agric. and Rural Devpt.14(2):
Feldman B.F, Zinkl, J.G, Jain N.C. (2000) Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology. 5th Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1120-1124.
Fetuga, B. L., 1997. Animal production in Nigeria and feed supplies. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 4 (1):19 – 41
Ge P, Yang H, Lu J, Liao W, Du S, Xu Y, Xu H, Zhao H, Lu X, Sang X, Zhong S, Huang J, Mao Y. (2016). Albumin Binding Function: The Potential Earliest Indicator for Liver Function Damage. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2016:5120760. doi: 10.1155/2016/5120760.
Igwe, R., Udo, H., Ogunnupebi, J., Olorunleke, S., Aikpitanyi, K., & Nwose, R. (2020). Efficacy of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) on performance, haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chicken. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science 22(2):106-113.
Lin HY, Chou PC, Chen YH, Lai LS, Chung TK, Walzem RL, Huang SY, Chen SE. (2019). Dietary Supplementation of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Improves Livability in Broiler Breeder Hens-Amelioration of Cardiac Pathogenesis and Hepatopathology. Animals (Basel), 9(10):770. doi: 10.3390/ani9100770.
Maxwell MH, Robertson W, Spencer S, Maclorquodale CC. (1990). Comparison of haematological parameters in restricted and ad libitum fed domestic fowls. British Poultry Science, 31:407-413.
Muhammad, N., & Oloyede, H. (2009). Haematological Parameters of Broiler Chicks Fed Aspergillus niger - Fermented Terminalia catappa Seed Meal-Based Diet. Global Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 4.
Nodu, M. B., Okpeku, M. and Abezi, A. E., 2014. Haematological characteristics of rabbits fed a mixture of Alchornea cordifolia/ Pawpaw leaf meal. Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, 7(1): 92 – 96.
NRCRI 2006. Agro-Meterological Unit. National Root Crop Research Institute, Umudike. Nigeria
NRC (1998) National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. Nutrient requirements of swine, 10th revised Edition, National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Nworgu, F, Alikwe,P, Egbunike, G and Ohimain, E. (2015). Economic importance and Growth Rate of Broiler Chickens Fed with Water leaf (Talinum triangulare) Meal Supplements. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension
Economics and Sociology, 4(1):49-57 https://dio.org/10.9734/ajaees/2015/12542
Okonkwo, J.C., & Uba, J.C. (2017). Haematological Indices of Various Breeds of Broiler Chickens Fed Mimosa diplotricha Leaf Meal. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences
Olomu, J. M (2021). Determination of optimum protein and energy levels for broiler chicks in the tropics. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 3(1):177-183. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v3i11.2592
Onunkwo, D. N., Ufot, U. E., Ezenyilimba, B. N., Omumuabuike, J. N., and Ezeoke, F. C. (2022). Blood profile of starter broiler chickens fed diet containing leaf meal composite as alternative to commercial broiler premix. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 24(2):103-110.
Oyawoye, E.O. and M. Ogunkunle, 2008. Physiological and Biochemical effects of Raw Jack beans on broiler. Proceeding of Annual conference of Nigerian society of Animal Production., 23:141-142.
Shen, M., Xie, Z., Jia, M., Li, A., Han, H., Wang, T. and Zhang, L. (2019). Effect of Bamboo Leaf Extract on Antioxidant Status and Cholesterol Metabolism in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel), 9(9): 699. doi: 10.3390/ani9090699.
Steel, R.G.D. Torrie, J.H. (1980) Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Ukorebi, B. A., & Akpet, S. O. (2019). Performance, carcass and organ weight characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of Gongronema latifolia. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 21(3):294-302.
Urom, S.M.O.C., Nsing, F.E., Onunkwo, D. N., Zachary, B.N., Onabanjo, R.S. and Oko, E. C. (2021). Morphometric Organ Weight and Histopathological Studies of Broiler Chickens Fed Diet Containing Graded Level of Pro-vitamin-A Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Leaf Meal as Replacement for Groundnut Cake. Nigerian Agricultural Journal, 52(3):288-292.
Wang Y, Yang P, Yan Z, Liu Z, Ma Q, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Su Y. (2021). The Relationship between Erythrocytes and Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2021:6656062. doi: 10.1155/2021/6656062.
Zirihi, G.N., N‘guessan, K., Kassy, N.J., Coulibaly, K. and Djaman, A.J. (2012). Evaluation and Comparison of Antifungal Activities of Terminalia catappa and Terminalia mantaly (Combretaceae) On the in vitro Growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6(12):2299-2308.
Adegbola TA, Oduoza PC. Nutrient intake, digestibility and performance of rabbits fed varying levels of fermented and unfermented cassava peel meal. Journal of Animal Production Research 12(1):41-47.
Adejuyigbe, A.E., Sogunle, O.M., Onagbesan, O.M., Oke, O.E. (2023). Growth performance and physiological responses of broilers fed Stylosanthes hamata leaf meal in a hot tropical environment. Vet Med Sci. 9(5):2150-2159.
Agbede, J. O and Aletor, V. A., 2003. Comparative evaluation of weaning food from glycerides and leucaena leaf protein concentrates and some commercial brands in Nigeria. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 84: 21 – 34.
Agenas, S, Heath, M.F, Nixon, R.M, Wilkinson, J.M and Philips, C. J. (2006). Indicators of undernutrition in cattle. Anim. Welfare 15: 149-160.
Akinfola, E.O, Matanmi, O, and Fatufe, A.A: Effects of residual cyanogenic glycosides in cassava based diets on serum metabolites of cockerel chicks. Procc. Ann. Conf. Nig. Anim. Prod., pp. 105-107. (2007)
Akinmutimi, A. H. (2011). Performance of Weaner Rabbits Fed Graded Levels of Yam/ Sweet Potato Peal Meal in Place of Maize in a Maize Based Diet. International Journal of Poultry Science. 7(5): 474-474
Akinmutimi, A. H. and Onwukwe, C. C. (2002). Effect of cooking with various concentration of potash on Nutrient composition of Lima beans. Journal of Agricultural. Biotechnology, 1:1-3.
Akinmutimi, A.H., 2004. Evaluation of sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) as an alternative feed resources for broiler chickens. Ph.D Thesis. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
Akintunde, A., Ndubuisi-Ogbona, L.C., Ajayi, O.A., Chioma, C., Jimoh, W.A. and Afodu, O.J (2021). Utilization of Chromolaena odorata leaf meal as a supplement in broiler chickens’ diet. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 23(1):189-198.
Alberts, B. (2005) Leukocyte Functions and Percentage Breakdown. Molecular Biology of the Cell. NCBI Bookshelf.
Allen, P. C. (2009). Effects of daily oral doses of L-arginine on coccidioidomycosis infection in Chickens. Poultry Science, 78:1506-1509.
Amaechi, N.C. (2009). Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of wonderful kola (Buccholzia coricea) seeds. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.8:1120-1122.
Amaefule, K. U., Onwuchuruba, C. F. and Okereke, O.C. (2013). Replacement Value of Soyabean Meal with Raw or Boiled Pigeom Pea Seedmeal in Exotic Pullets Diet. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 15: 37-48
Amata I. A. and Bratte L. (2008). The Effect of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Gliricidia Leaf Meal on the Performance and Organ Weights of Weaner Rabbits in the Tropics. Asian Journal of Animal & Veterinary Advances.3(3):169- 173.
Amel, O. B., Mariam, S. A., Ehsan, A. S., El-Badwi, M. A. S. (2006). Some biochemical values in the young and adult sundaneese geese, Anser anser. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 5:24-26.
Animashahun RA, SO Omoikhoje and AM Bamgbose, 2006. Haematological and biochemical indices of weaner rabbits fed concentrates and Syndrella nodiflora forage supplement. Proc of 11th Ann Conf Anim Sci Assoc of Nigeria. Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp: 29-32.
Anuforo, P.C., Achi, N.K., Anthony, C.C., Egbuonu, A.C.C. and Egu, E.U. (2017). Proximate Analysis and Determination of Some Selected Vitamins and Minerals Contents of Terminalia Catappa Endocarp Flour. Journal of Nutritional Health and Food Science. 5 (5):1-4.
Apata, D. F. and Ojo, V. (200). The efficacy of tricodermaviride enzyme complex in broiler starter fed cowpea testa_coat diets. Proceeding of 25th Annual Conference, Nigerian Society of Animal Production, March 2000, Umudike, Nigeria 2.
Atawodi SE, Yakubu OE, Umar IA. Antioxidant and hepato-protective effects of Parinari curatellifolia root. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2013;15:523–528.
Awah, J. N. and Nottidge (1997). Haematological and serum biochemical parameters in clinically healthy dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Tro. Vet., 16:3-4
Awodi, S., Ayo, J. O., Atodo, A. D. and Dzende, T. (2005). Some haematological parameters and the erythrocyte osomotic fragility in the laughing dove (Streptopella senegalensis) and the village weaner bird (Ploceus cucullatus). Proc. of the 10th Annual Conf. of Anim. Sci. Assoc. of Nig., 384-387..
Bagby, G. C. (2007). Leucopenia and leucocytosis. In: Goldman L. Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia. Pa: Saunders Elsevier, 173.
Baker and R E Silverton (2002). “Introduction to Medical Laboratory”
Bamishaiye, E., Muhammad, N. and Bamishaiye, O. (2009). Haematological parameters of albino rats fed on tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus) tuber oil meat-based diet. The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness, 10(1):
Ben Salem HAH, Niprilo A and Nefzauoi A, 2009. Polythylene glycol in concentrate or feed blocks to deactivate condensed tannis in Acacia Cyanophylla Lindi forage: Effects on intake digestion and growth by barbine lambs. Animal science, 75:127-135.
Bentrick, S., 2004. Haematology, Textbook of Veterinary Pathology. Publ. Williams and Co. Baltimore, pp: 217-224.
Beski SSM, Swick RA, Iji PA. (2015). Specialized protein products in broiler chicken nutrition: A review. Animal Nutrition, 1(2):47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.05.005.
Borin K., Lindberg J. E. and Ogle R. B. (2006). Digestibility and digestive organ development in indigenous and improved chickens and ducks fed diets with increasing inclusion levels of cassava leaf meal. J. Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)90 (5-6):230-237.
Daramola, O.T. (2019). Medicinal Plants Leaf Meal Supplementation in Broiler Chicken Diet: Effects on Performance Characteristics, Serum Metabolite and Antioxidant Status. Animal Research International, 16(2):3334-3342.
Dellman, H. and E. Brown, 2006. Text book on Veterinary Histology. Publ. LEA and Febilger Philadelphia, pp: 88-96.
Duncan, D.B. (1955) Multiple Range and Multiple F-Test. Biometrics, 11:1-5.
Durunna C. S., Chiaka I. I., Ebenebe O. E., Udedibie A. B. I., Uchegbu M. C. and Durunna O. N. (2011). Value of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Meal as Feed Ingredient in the Diet of Finisher. International J. of Agric. and Rural Devpt.14(2):
Feldman B.F, Zinkl, J.G, Jain N.C. (2000) Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology. 5th Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1120-1124.
Fetuga, B. L., 1997. Animal production in Nigeria and feed supplies. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 4 (1):19 – 41
Ge P, Yang H, Lu J, Liao W, Du S, Xu Y, Xu H, Zhao H, Lu X, Sang X, Zhong S, Huang J, Mao Y. (2016). Albumin Binding Function: The Potential Earliest Indicator for Liver Function Damage. Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2016:5120760. doi: 10.1155/2016/5120760.
Igwe, R., Udo, H., Ogunnupebi, J., Olorunleke, S., Aikpitanyi, K., & Nwose, R. (2020). Efficacy of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) on performance, haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chicken. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science 22(2):106-113.
Lin HY, Chou PC, Chen YH, Lai LS, Chung TK, Walzem RL, Huang SY, Chen SE. (2019). Dietary Supplementation of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Improves Livability in Broiler Breeder Hens-Amelioration of Cardiac Pathogenesis and Hepatopathology. Animals (Basel), 9(10):770. doi: 10.3390/ani9100770.
Maxwell MH, Robertson W, Spencer S, Maclorquodale CC. (1990). Comparison of haematological parameters in restricted and ad libitum fed domestic fowls. British Poultry Science, 31:407-413.
Muhammad, N., & Oloyede, H. (2009). Haematological Parameters of Broiler Chicks Fed Aspergillus niger - Fermented Terminalia catappa Seed Meal-Based Diet. Global Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 4.
Nodu, M. B., Okpeku, M. and Abezi, A. E., 2014. Haematological characteristics of rabbits fed a mixture of Alchornea cordifolia/ Pawpaw leaf meal. Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, 7(1): 92 – 96.
NRCRI 2006. Agro-Meterological Unit. National Root Crop Research Institute, Umudike. Nigeria
NRC (1998) National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. Nutrient requirements of swine, 10th revised Edition, National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Nworgu, F, Alikwe,P, Egbunike, G and Ohimain, E. (2015). Economic importance and Growth Rate of Broiler Chickens Fed with Water leaf (Talinum triangulare) Meal Supplements. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension
Economics and Sociology, 4(1):49-57 https://dio.org/10.9734/ajaees/2015/12542
Okonkwo, J.C., & Uba, J.C. (2017). Haematological Indices of Various Breeds of Broiler Chickens Fed Mimosa diplotricha Leaf Meal. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences
Olomu, J. M (2021). Determination of optimum protein and energy levels for broiler chicks in the tropics. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 3(1):177-183. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v3i11.2592
Onunkwo, D. N., Ufot, U. E., Ezenyilimba, B. N., Omumuabuike, J. N., and Ezeoke, F. C. (2022). Blood profile of starter broiler chickens fed diet containing leaf meal composite as alternative to commercial broiler premix. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 24(2):103-110.
Oyawoye, E.O. and M. Ogunkunle, 2008. Physiological and Biochemical effects of Raw Jack beans on broiler. Proceeding of Annual conference of Nigerian society of Animal Production., 23:141-142.
Shen, M., Xie, Z., Jia, M., Li, A., Han, H., Wang, T. and Zhang, L. (2019). Effect of Bamboo Leaf Extract on Antioxidant Status and Cholesterol Metabolism in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel), 9(9): 699. doi: 10.3390/ani9090699.
Steel, R.G.D. Torrie, J.H. (1980) Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Ukorebi, B. A., & Akpet, S. O. (2019). Performance, carcass and organ weight characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of Gongronema latifolia. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 21(3):294-302.
Urom, S.M.O.C., Nsing, F.E., Onunkwo, D. N., Zachary, B.N., Onabanjo, R.S. and Oko, E. C. (2021). Morphometric Organ Weight and Histopathological Studies of Broiler Chickens Fed Diet Containing Graded Level of Pro-vitamin-A Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Leaf Meal as Replacement for Groundnut Cake. Nigerian Agricultural Journal, 52(3):288-292.
Wang Y, Yang P, Yan Z, Liu Z, Ma Q, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Su Y. (2021). The Relationship between Erythrocytes and Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2021:6656062. doi: 10.1155/2021/6656062.
Zirihi, G.N., N‘guessan, K., Kassy, N.J., Coulibaly, K. and Djaman, A.J. (2012). Evaluation and Comparison of Antifungal Activities of Terminalia catappa and Terminalia mantaly (Combretaceae) On the in vitro Growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6(12):2299-2308.
Published
2025-08-07
How to Cite
Ewa, E. U1, ., Ezea, J2, Onuoha, L. K1, & Ojewola, G. S1. (2025). Blood Profile and Organ Weights of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Graded Levels of Terminalia Mantaly Leaf Meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 8(2), 27-36. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/416
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