Effect of Different Dietary Levels of Calcium Supplemented Palm Kernel Cake on Performance and Egg Characteristics of Laying Chickens
Keywords:
Palm kernel cake, Calcium, Laying chickens, Performance, Egg quality
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of varying dietary levels of palm kernel cake (PKC) with high and normal calcium on performance and egg quality of laying chickens. One hundred and ten (110) point-of-lay pullets of the Lohmann Brown strain at eighteen (18) weeks of age were used and the study lasted a total period of 26 weeks. Feeding of birds started when the birds were 18 weeks of age so that age at 1st egg would be recorded, and lasted until birds were 44 weeks of age. Weight of eggs and feed intake records were taken from 24 weeks of age (when the last replicate to lay an egg dropped the 1st egg) until 44 weeks of age (a period of 20 weeks). The birds were divided into five dietary treatment groups of 22 birds per treatment subdivided into two replicates of 11 birds each. Dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 (T1, T2 and T3) contained 0 %, 20 % and 40 % PKC with 3 % calcium (normal calcium diets) while dietary treatments 4 and 5 contained 20 % and 40 % PKC with 5 % calcium (high calcium diets), respectively. Results showed that age at first egg, laying rate, interior and exterior characteristics of eggs were not affected (P > 0.05) but egg weight was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and feed cost/dozen eggs reduced (P < 0.05) by feeding PKC diets. Egg peelability, off-flavour intensity and degree of likeness were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment but peelability was enhanced by storage in eggs from layers fed 40 % PKC diets. It was concluded that laying chickens could be profitably produced on diets containing up to 40 % PKC without additional supplementation with calcium.
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References
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Aguihe, P. C., Kehinde, A. S., Halidu, S. K., Joshua, D. A., Samuel, K. U., Komolafe, P. L. and Ilaboya, I. I. (2020). Performance and egg qualities of laying Japanese quails fed yam peel meal-based diets with enzymes complex + yeast supplementation. Animal Science, 44(1): e53335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.53335
Ambry Acres, A. (2019). Importance of eggshells, Chickens. https://www.purinamills.com/chicken-feed/education/detail/safe-eggs-start-with-strong-shells
An, S. H., Kim, D. W. and An, B. K. (2016). Effects of dietary calcium levels on productive performance, eggshell quality and overall calcium status in aged laying hens. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science, 29(10): 1477 – 1482.
Batiha, G. E., Alquarni, M., Awad, D. A. B., Algammal, A. M., Nyamota, R., Wahed, M. I. I., Shah, M. A., Amin, M. N., Adetuyi, B. O., Hetta, H. F., Cruz- Martins, N., Koirala, N., Ghosh, A., Echeverria, J., Pagnossa, J. P. and Sabatier, J. (2021). Dairy-derived and egg white proteins in enhancing immune system against COVID-19. Nutritional Immunology of the Frontiers Nutrition, volume 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.629440.
Boateng, M., Okai, D. B., Baah, J. and Donkoh, A. (2008). Palm kernel cake extraction and utilization in pig and poultry diets in Ghana. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20(7): 1 – 8.
Botello, A. L., Martinez, Y. A., Cotera, M. B., Moran, C.M., Ortega, M.O., Perez, K. C. and Waititu, S. (2020). Growth performance, carcass traits and economic response of broiler fed of palm kernel meal (Elaeis guineensis). Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(4): 1 – 12.
Castillo, C., Cuca, M., Pro, A., Gonzalez, M. and Morales, E. (2004). Biological and economic optimum level of calcium in White Leghorn laying hens. Poultry Science, 83: 868 – 872.
Climate-Data.org (2016). “Climate: Owerri” https://en.climate-data.org/africa/nigeria/imo/owerri-889379/?amp=true Retrieved 3rd October, 2018.
Cufadar, Y., Olgun, O. and Yildiz, A. O. (2011). The effect of dietary calcium concentration and particle size on performance, eggshell quality, bone mechanical properties and tibia mineral contents in moulted laying hens. British Poultry Science, 52: 761 – 768.
Dairo, F. A. S. and Fasuyi, A. O. (2008). Evaluation of fermented palm kernel meal and fermented copra meal proteins as substitute for soybean meal proteins in laying hens diets. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 9(1): 35 – 44. DOI: https://jcea.agr.hr/en/issues/article/510
Dawes, C. M. (1975). Acid-base relationships within the avian egg. Biological Reviews, 50(3): 351 – 371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1975.tb00834.x
Egenuka, F. C., Opara, M. N., Okoli, I. C. and Okeudo, N. J. (2013). Effect of different dietary levels of palm kernel cake on growth, percentage organ weights, haematological profile and serum biochemistry of pullets. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 9(1): 1 – 10. http:/www.ijat-aatsea.com
Esonu, B. O., Anumni, P. E., Udedibie, A. B. I., Emenalom, O. O., Etuk, E. B., Odoemelam, V. U. and Okorie, K. C. (2013). Evaluation of two-stage cooked Canavalia plagiosperma (Piper) seed meal as feed ingredient in layer diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 15: 95 – 103.
Ezieshi, E. V., Omorejie, A. and Olomu, J. M. (2001). Performance and some physical and internal qualities of eggs of laying chickens fed palm kernel cake-based diet. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production. Editors: A. E. O. Malau-Aduli and I. A. Adeyinka. Zaria, Nigeria. Pp 199 – 201.
Ferreira, F. G., Leite, L. C., Alba, H. D. R., de C. Mesquita, B. M. A., Santos, S. A., Tosto, M. S. L., da Costa, M. P., dos S. Pina, D., Gordiano, L. A., Garcia, A. O., Mazza, P. H. S. and de Carvalho, G. G. P. (2021). Palm kernel cake in diets for lactating goats: qualitative aspects of milk and cheese. Animals, 11(12): 3501 https://doi.org/10. 3390/ani11123501 Academic Editor: Michele Pazzola
Francine, A. B. and Annie, J. K. (2004). Egg Basics for the Consumer: Packaging, Storage, and Nutritional Information. ANR Publication No 8154. Pp 1 -6. Edited by the Regents of the University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 6701 San Pablo Avenue, 2nd Floor, Oakland, California 94608 – 1239.
Frost, T. J. and Roland, D. A. (1991). The influence of various calcium and phosphorus levels on tibia strength and eggshell quality of pullets during peak production. Poultry Science, 70: 963 – 969.
Funk, E. M. (1948). The relation of the yolk index determined in natural position to the yolk index as determined after separating the from the albumen. Poultry Science, 27(3): P 367.
Furlong, J. R. (1918). The rancidity of palm kernel cake and other feeding cakes. Imperial Institute, London, 137 – 142. 10.1017_s0021859600004743.pdf.
Goodrum, J. W., Britton, W. M. and Davis, J. B. (1989). Effect of storage conditions on albumen pH, subsequent hard-cooked egg peelability and albumen shear strength. Poultry Science, 68:1226 – 1231.
Harns, J. V., Sauter, E. A., McLaren, B. A. and Stadelmam, W. J. (1953). Relationship of shell egg quality and performance of egg white in angel food cakes. Food Research: in press.
Hartley, C. W. S. (1988). The Oil Palm. (Tropical Agriculture Series). 3rd Edition. Longman Publishing, Harlow, England. Pp 724 – 729.
Haugh, R. R. (1937). The Haugh unit for measuring egg quality. US Egg Poultry Magazine, 43: 552 – 555, 572 – 573.
Heiman, V. and Carver, J. S. (1936). The albumen index as a physical measurement of observed egg quality. Poultry Science, 15(2): 141 – 148.
Hutagalung, R. I. (1980). Availability of feedstuffs for farm animals. In: Proceedings Abstract: First Asia-Australian Animal Science Congress, Abstract No. 40:15.
Imo ADP (1990). Work Programme. Imo State Agricultural Development Programme (IADP), Owerri, Imo State.
Jayawardena, R., Sooriyaarachchi, P., Chourdakis, M., Teewandara, C., Ranasinghe, P. (2020). Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 14:367 – 382.
Jiang, S., Cui, L., Shi, C., Ke, X., Luo, J. and Hou, J. (2013). Effect of dietary energy and calcium levels on performance, eggshell quality and bone metabolism in hens. Veterinary Journal, 198(1): 252 – 258. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.017
Keshavarz, K. and Nakajima, S. (1993). Re-evaluation of calcium and phosphorus requirements of laying hens for optimum performance and eggshell quality. Poultry Science, 72: 144 – 153.
Kwari, I. D., Igwebuike, J. U., Bello, N., Rabo, S. J., and Birma, M. (2004). Replacement of groundnut cake with sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed meal in broiler finisher diets. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. Pp 5 – 7.
Leeson, S., Caston, L. and Maclaurin, T. (1998). Organoleptic evaluation of eggs produced by laying hens fed diets containing graded levels of flaxseed and vitamin E. Poultry Science, 77:1436 – 1440.
Mahammad, M., Narendra-Nath, D., Nagaraja-Kumari, K. and Eswara-Rao, B. (2019). Effects of supplementation of palm kernel meal with and without enzyme on the performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). International Journal of Livestock Research, 9(7): 189 – 195. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20190305085534.
Martinez, Y., Bonilla, J. L., Sevilla, M. A., Matamoros, I., Botello, A. and Valdivie, M. (2021). Effect of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) meal on laying, egg quality and economic feasibility of old laying hens. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(2): e15.
Nwosu, L. I. and Nwosu. B. O. (2016). Assessment of the Quality of Water Resources by Integrating Physico-chemical Analysis Result with Geoelectric Survey Information in Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 6(11): 113 – 117.
Obi, I. U. (1990). Statistical method of dictating differences between treatment means. Snapp Press, Enugu, Nigeria.
Odunsi, A. A., Akande, T. O., Yusuph, A. S. and Salami, R. I. (2002). Comparative utilization of high inclusion rates of four agro-industrial by-products in the diets of egg type chickens. Archives de Zoologie, 51:465 – 468.
Okeudo, N. J., Eboh, K. V., Izugboekwe, N. V. and Akanno, E. C. (2005). Growth rate, carcass characteristics and organoleptic quality of broilers fed graded levels of palm kernel cake. Journal of Poultry Science, 4(5): 330 -333.
Olugbemi, T. S., Sule, A., Orunmuyi, M., Daudu, O. M. and Olusola, O. O. (2013). Chemical analysis and consumer preference of selected poultry egg types in Zaria, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 15: 199 – 205.
Onyimonyi, A. E. and Okeke, T. I. (2005). Carcass, organ and pathological characteristics of grower pigs fed cassava peal meal. Agro-science Journal, 4(1): 1 – 4.
Perez, J. F., Gernat, A. G. and Murillo, J. G. (2000). Research notes: The effect of different levels of palm kernel meal in layer diets. Poultry Science, 79(1): 77 – 79.
Prasetya, R. D. D., Rahmadani, M., Ramli, N. and Jayanegara, A. (2021). Effect of dietary palm kernel meal on laying hens. In: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Agriculture, Biodiversity, Food Security and Health. IOP Conference Series, Earth and Environmental Science, 883(1):012064
Samsudin, A. A., Hendry, N. and Khaing, K. T. (2016). Effects of Feeding Dietary Palm Kernel Cake on Egg Production and Egg Quality of Kharki Campbell Duck. Journal of World Poultry Research, 6(1): 01 – 05.
Yeong, S. W. (1980). The nutritive value of palm oil by-products for poultry. In: Proceedings Abstract. First Asia-Australian Animal Science Congress, Abstract No, 45: 17.
Zanu, H. K., Abangiba, J., Arthur-Badoo, W., Akparibo, A. D. and Sam, R. (2012). Laying chickens response to various levels of palm kernel cake in diets. International Journal of Livestock Production, 3(1): 12 – 16. DOI: 10.5897/IJLP11.027
Aguihe, P. C., Kehinde, A. S., Halidu, S. K., Joshua, D. A., Samuel, K. U., Komolafe, P. L. and Ilaboya, I. I. (2020). Performance and egg qualities of laying Japanese quails fed yam peel meal-based diets with enzymes complex + yeast supplementation. Animal Science, 44(1): e53335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.53335
Ambry Acres, A. (2019). Importance of eggshells, Chickens. https://www.purinamills.com/chicken-feed/education/detail/safe-eggs-start-with-strong-shells
An, S. H., Kim, D. W. and An, B. K. (2016). Effects of dietary calcium levels on productive performance, eggshell quality and overall calcium status in aged laying hens. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science, 29(10): 1477 – 1482.
Batiha, G. E., Alquarni, M., Awad, D. A. B., Algammal, A. M., Nyamota, R., Wahed, M. I. I., Shah, M. A., Amin, M. N., Adetuyi, B. O., Hetta, H. F., Cruz- Martins, N., Koirala, N., Ghosh, A., Echeverria, J., Pagnossa, J. P. and Sabatier, J. (2021). Dairy-derived and egg white proteins in enhancing immune system against COVID-19. Nutritional Immunology of the Frontiers Nutrition, volume 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.629440.
Boateng, M., Okai, D. B., Baah, J. and Donkoh, A. (2008). Palm kernel cake extraction and utilization in pig and poultry diets in Ghana. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20(7): 1 – 8.
Botello, A. L., Martinez, Y. A., Cotera, M. B., Moran, C.M., Ortega, M.O., Perez, K. C. and Waititu, S. (2020). Growth performance, carcass traits and economic response of broiler fed of palm kernel meal (Elaeis guineensis). Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(4): 1 – 12.
Castillo, C., Cuca, M., Pro, A., Gonzalez, M. and Morales, E. (2004). Biological and economic optimum level of calcium in White Leghorn laying hens. Poultry Science, 83: 868 – 872.
Climate-Data.org (2016). “Climate: Owerri” https://en.climate-data.org/africa/nigeria/imo/owerri-889379/?amp=true Retrieved 3rd October, 2018.
Cufadar, Y., Olgun, O. and Yildiz, A. O. (2011). The effect of dietary calcium concentration and particle size on performance, eggshell quality, bone mechanical properties and tibia mineral contents in moulted laying hens. British Poultry Science, 52: 761 – 768.
Dairo, F. A. S. and Fasuyi, A. O. (2008). Evaluation of fermented palm kernel meal and fermented copra meal proteins as substitute for soybean meal proteins in laying hens diets. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 9(1): 35 – 44. DOI: https://jcea.agr.hr/en/issues/article/510
Dawes, C. M. (1975). Acid-base relationships within the avian egg. Biological Reviews, 50(3): 351 – 371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1975.tb00834.x
Egenuka, F. C., Opara, M. N., Okoli, I. C. and Okeudo, N. J. (2013). Effect of different dietary levels of palm kernel cake on growth, percentage organ weights, haematological profile and serum biochemistry of pullets. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 9(1): 1 – 10. http:/www.ijat-aatsea.com
Esonu, B. O., Anumni, P. E., Udedibie, A. B. I., Emenalom, O. O., Etuk, E. B., Odoemelam, V. U. and Okorie, K. C. (2013). Evaluation of two-stage cooked Canavalia plagiosperma (Piper) seed meal as feed ingredient in layer diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 15: 95 – 103.
Ezieshi, E. V., Omorejie, A. and Olomu, J. M. (2001). Performance and some physical and internal qualities of eggs of laying chickens fed palm kernel cake-based diet. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production. Editors: A. E. O. Malau-Aduli and I. A. Adeyinka. Zaria, Nigeria. Pp 199 – 201.
Ferreira, F. G., Leite, L. C., Alba, H. D. R., de C. Mesquita, B. M. A., Santos, S. A., Tosto, M. S. L., da Costa, M. P., dos S. Pina, D., Gordiano, L. A., Garcia, A. O., Mazza, P. H. S. and de Carvalho, G. G. P. (2021). Palm kernel cake in diets for lactating goats: qualitative aspects of milk and cheese. Animals, 11(12): 3501 https://doi.org/10. 3390/ani11123501 Academic Editor: Michele Pazzola
Francine, A. B. and Annie, J. K. (2004). Egg Basics for the Consumer: Packaging, Storage, and Nutritional Information. ANR Publication No 8154. Pp 1 -6. Edited by the Regents of the University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 6701 San Pablo Avenue, 2nd Floor, Oakland, California 94608 – 1239.
Frost, T. J. and Roland, D. A. (1991). The influence of various calcium and phosphorus levels on tibia strength and eggshell quality of pullets during peak production. Poultry Science, 70: 963 – 969.
Funk, E. M. (1948). The relation of the yolk index determined in natural position to the yolk index as determined after separating the from the albumen. Poultry Science, 27(3): P 367.
Furlong, J. R. (1918). The rancidity of palm kernel cake and other feeding cakes. Imperial Institute, London, 137 – 142. 10.1017_s0021859600004743.pdf.
Goodrum, J. W., Britton, W. M. and Davis, J. B. (1989). Effect of storage conditions on albumen pH, subsequent hard-cooked egg peelability and albumen shear strength. Poultry Science, 68:1226 – 1231.
Harns, J. V., Sauter, E. A., McLaren, B. A. and Stadelmam, W. J. (1953). Relationship of shell egg quality and performance of egg white in angel food cakes. Food Research: in press.
Hartley, C. W. S. (1988). The Oil Palm. (Tropical Agriculture Series). 3rd Edition. Longman Publishing, Harlow, England. Pp 724 – 729.
Haugh, R. R. (1937). The Haugh unit for measuring egg quality. US Egg Poultry Magazine, 43: 552 – 555, 572 – 573.
Heiman, V. and Carver, J. S. (1936). The albumen index as a physical measurement of observed egg quality. Poultry Science, 15(2): 141 – 148.
Hutagalung, R. I. (1980). Availability of feedstuffs for farm animals. In: Proceedings Abstract: First Asia-Australian Animal Science Congress, Abstract No. 40:15.
Imo ADP (1990). Work Programme. Imo State Agricultural Development Programme (IADP), Owerri, Imo State.
Jayawardena, R., Sooriyaarachchi, P., Chourdakis, M., Teewandara, C., Ranasinghe, P. (2020). Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, 14:367 – 382.
Jiang, S., Cui, L., Shi, C., Ke, X., Luo, J. and Hou, J. (2013). Effect of dietary energy and calcium levels on performance, eggshell quality and bone metabolism in hens. Veterinary Journal, 198(1): 252 – 258. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.017
Keshavarz, K. and Nakajima, S. (1993). Re-evaluation of calcium and phosphorus requirements of laying hens for optimum performance and eggshell quality. Poultry Science, 72: 144 – 153.
Kwari, I. D., Igwebuike, J. U., Bello, N., Rabo, S. J., and Birma, M. (2004). Replacement of groundnut cake with sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed meal in broiler finisher diets. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. Pp 5 – 7.
Leeson, S., Caston, L. and Maclaurin, T. (1998). Organoleptic evaluation of eggs produced by laying hens fed diets containing graded levels of flaxseed and vitamin E. Poultry Science, 77:1436 – 1440.
Mahammad, M., Narendra-Nath, D., Nagaraja-Kumari, K. and Eswara-Rao, B. (2019). Effects of supplementation of palm kernel meal with and without enzyme on the performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). International Journal of Livestock Research, 9(7): 189 – 195. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20190305085534.
Martinez, Y., Bonilla, J. L., Sevilla, M. A., Matamoros, I., Botello, A. and Valdivie, M. (2021). Effect of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) meal on laying, egg quality and economic feasibility of old laying hens. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(2): e15.
Nwosu, L. I. and Nwosu. B. O. (2016). Assessment of the Quality of Water Resources by Integrating Physico-chemical Analysis Result with Geoelectric Survey Information in Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 6(11): 113 – 117.
Obi, I. U. (1990). Statistical method of dictating differences between treatment means. Snapp Press, Enugu, Nigeria.
Odunsi, A. A., Akande, T. O., Yusuph, A. S. and Salami, R. I. (2002). Comparative utilization of high inclusion rates of four agro-industrial by-products in the diets of egg type chickens. Archives de Zoologie, 51:465 – 468.
Okeudo, N. J., Eboh, K. V., Izugboekwe, N. V. and Akanno, E. C. (2005). Growth rate, carcass characteristics and organoleptic quality of broilers fed graded levels of palm kernel cake. Journal of Poultry Science, 4(5): 330 -333.
Olugbemi, T. S., Sule, A., Orunmuyi, M., Daudu, O. M. and Olusola, O. O. (2013). Chemical analysis and consumer preference of selected poultry egg types in Zaria, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 15: 199 – 205.
Onyimonyi, A. E. and Okeke, T. I. (2005). Carcass, organ and pathological characteristics of grower pigs fed cassava peal meal. Agro-science Journal, 4(1): 1 – 4.
Perez, J. F., Gernat, A. G. and Murillo, J. G. (2000). Research notes: The effect of different levels of palm kernel meal in layer diets. Poultry Science, 79(1): 77 – 79.
Prasetya, R. D. D., Rahmadani, M., Ramli, N. and Jayanegara, A. (2021). Effect of dietary palm kernel meal on laying hens. In: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Agriculture, Biodiversity, Food Security and Health. IOP Conference Series, Earth and Environmental Science, 883(1):012064
Samsudin, A. A., Hendry, N. and Khaing, K. T. (2016). Effects of Feeding Dietary Palm Kernel Cake on Egg Production and Egg Quality of Kharki Campbell Duck. Journal of World Poultry Research, 6(1): 01 – 05.
Yeong, S. W. (1980). The nutritive value of palm oil by-products for poultry. In: Proceedings Abstract. First Asia-Australian Animal Science Congress, Abstract No, 45: 17.
Zanu, H. K., Abangiba, J., Arthur-Badoo, W., Akparibo, A. D. and Sam, R. (2012). Laying chickens response to various levels of palm kernel cake in diets. International Journal of Livestock Production, 3(1): 12 – 16. DOI: 10.5897/IJLP11.027
Published
2024-05-20
How to Cite
Egenuka, F. C., Okeudo, N. J., & Okeudo, N. J. (2024). Effect of Different Dietary Levels of Calcium Supplemented Palm Kernel Cake on Performance and Egg Characteristics of Laying Chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 7(1), 60 - 72. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/314
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