The Use of Agricultural Wastes as Renewable Energy Resources: A Review
Keywords:
Agricultural wastes, palm oil wastes, palm kernel shell, renewable energy, biogas
Abstract
The expansion of agricultural production has naturally resulted in increased quantities of livestock wastes, agricultural crop residues and agro-industrial by-products. A review on agricultural wastes such as palm oil and other wastes is desirable because of their contribution to environmental degradation and the need to convert them to value-added products such as renewable energy to mitigate their impacts. This paper seeks to review available renewable biomass resources which can enable developing countries including Nigeria to overcome her present energy challenges. The palm oil industry generates a large quantity of wastes which makes their disposal a challenging task. Apart from few isolated cases where palm kernel shell (PKS) and palm fruit fibre serve as source of fuel in cooking, they are usually dumped in the open field and water ponds which impact negatively on the environment. Renewable energy produced from agricultural wastes will add to the national grid in view of the exhausting nature of fossil fuel resources coupled with its challenges of environmental degradations.
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References
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Ahmad, A.L., Chan, C.Y., Abshukor, S.R and Mashitah, M.D. (2008). Recovery of oil and carotenes from palm oil mill effluent (POME). Chemical Engineering Journal, 141: 383-386.
Akorode, M.F., Ibrahim, O., Amuda, S.A., Otuoze, A.O. and Olufeagba, B. J. (2017). Current status and outlook of renewable energy development in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 36(6): 196-212.
Angelidaki, I. and Ellegaard, L. (2003). Codigestion of manure and organic wastes in centralized biogas plants. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 109: 95-105.
Balat, M., Kirtary, E. and Balat, H. (2009). Main routes for the thermo-conversion of biomass into fuels and chemical. Part 1: Pyrolysis Systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 50: 3147-3157.
Basha, S.A., Gopal, K.R. and Jebaraj, S. (2009). A view on biodiesel production, combustion emissions and performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13: 1628-1634.
Bedoya, I.D., Arrieta, A.A. and Cadavid, F.J. (2009). Effects of mixing system and pilot fuel quality on diesel-biogas dual fuel engine performance. Bioresource Technology, 100: 6624-6629.
Ben-Iwo, J., Manovic, V. and Longhurst, O. (2016). Biomass resources and biofuel potential for the production of transportation fuels in Nigeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 63: 172-192.
Bogner, J., Pipatti, S., Hashimoto, C., Diaz, K., Mareckova, L., Diaz, P., Kjeldsen, S., Monni, Faaij, A. and Gao, Q. (2008). Mitigation of global greenhouse gas emission from waste: conclusions and strategies from the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) fourth assessment report. Working group III (mitigation). Waste Management Resource, 26 (11): 11-32.
Chandra, R.,Takeuchi, H. and Hasegawa, T. (2012).Methane production from lignocellulosic agricultural crop wastes: a review in context to second generation of biofuel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(3): 1462-1476.
Czekala, W., Grawrych, K., Smurzynska, A., Mazurkiewiecz, J., Pawlisiak, A., Chelkowski, D. and Brzoski, M. (2017). The possibility of functioning micro-scale biogas plant in selected farm. Journal of Water and Land Development, 35: 19-25. http://doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0064.
Dach, J., Zbytex, Z.,Pilarski, K. and Adamski, M. (2009). Investigation into the use of biofuel production waste as a substrate in a biogas plant. Forest Gardening Agricultural Technology, 6: 5-8.
Dhyani, V and Bhaskar, T. (2017). A comprehensive review on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, Renewable Energy, 129: 695-716.
Fellahi, S., Gad, M.H., Zaghloul, T., Feuk-Lagersted, E. and Taherzadeh, M.J. (2014). A bacillus strain able to hydrolyse alpha and beta-keratin. Journal of Bioprocessing and Biotechniques, 4: 1-7.
Gurav, R.G., Mirajkar, D.B., Saverdekar, A.V. and Pisal, S.M. (2016). Microbial degradation of poultry litter biomass by Klepsiella Spp isolated from poultry waste disposal site. Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 1(6): 1-10.
Hameed, T. B., Sridhar, M.K.C., Ana, G.R.E.E. and David, A. (2017). Low emission and smoke-free charcoal from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) waste: A cheap energy source for rural communities in Nigeria. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 34: 23-28.
Iregbu, G. U., Kubkomawa, I. H., Okoli, C. G., Ogundu, E. C., Uchegbu, M. C. and Okoli, I. C. (2014). Environmental concerns of pig waste production and its potentials as bio-fuel Source. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, (3): 17-24.
Kalu, E., Ajaruonye, A.N. and Okwara, N. (2016). Waste management practices in selected poultry farms in Umuahia, Abia State. Journal of Veterinary Advances, 6(a): 1310 – 1316.
Kishimba, M. (2000). African energy research network (AFREPREN). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150 (3): 656-661.
Kolade, O. O., Coker, A. O., Sridhar, M. K. C. and Adeoye, G. O. (2005). Palm kernel waste management through composting and crop production. Journal of Environmental Health Research, 5(2): 81-85.
Lee, P. D., Aarnink, A. J. A., Ogink, N. W. M. and Vertegen, A. M. W. A. (2005). Effects of environmental factors on odour emission from pig manure. American Society for Agricultural Engineers, 48 (2): 757-765.
Lozada, I., Islas, J. and Grande, G. (2010). Environmental and economic feasibility of palm oil biodiesel in Mexican transport sector. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1): 486-492.
Lye, E.L. and Bilsborrow, P.E. (2013). Assessment of the availability of agricultural residues on a zonal basis for medium-to large-scale bioenergy production in Nigeria. Biomass and Bioenergy, 48: 66-74.
Mdoe, J. and Mkayula, L. (2002). Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from rice husks and shell of palm fruits. Tanzanian Journal of Science, 28(2): 865-871.
Mohamed, M. and Yusup, S. (2021). A review on sustainability and quality of biochar production from oil biomass in Malaysia using thermal conversion technology. E3S Web Conferences 287, 04011.
Mohammed, N.I., Kabbashi, N. and. Alade, A. (2018). Significance of agricultural residues in sustainable biofuel development. Intechopen, 78374/DOI: 10.5772.
Mohammed, Y. S., Mustafa, M.W., Bashir, N. and Mokhatar, A. S. (2013). Renewable energy resources for distributed power generation in Nigeria: A review of the potential. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22: 257-268.
Nwagwu, C., Ede, P.N., Okoli, I. C., Chukwuka, O. K., Okoli, C. G. and Moreki, J. (2012). Effect of environmental factors and structural dimension of aerial pollution gas concentrations in tropical poultry pen in Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1(1): 15-20.
Okey, S.N. and Ogbu, C.C. (2022). Activated charcoal: A novel utility product for enhanced animal production. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107484.
Okoli, I. C., Anyaegbunam, C. N., Etuk, E. B., Uchegbu, M. C. and Udedibie A.B.I. (2004). Socio-economic characteristics of poultry business entrepreneurs in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 4(2): 100-111.
Okoroigwe, E. C., Ofomatah, A.C., Oparaku, N.F. and Unachukwu, G. O. (2013). Production and evaluation of activated carbon from palm kernel shell for economic and environmental sustainability. International Journal of Physical Science, 8(19): 1036-1041.
Oyedepo, S. O. (2012). Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: The way forward. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 2: 1-18.
Parveen, F.R., Rajeev, P.S., Singh, H.I.M. and Norizan, E. (2010). Pollution of oil palm waste. Journal of World Applied Science, 11(1): 70-81.
Patinvoh, R.J. (2017). Biological Pretreatment and Dry digestion for Biogas Production. PhD Thesis, University of Boras, Sweden.
Rappert, S. and Muller, R. (2005). Odour compounds in waste gas emissions from agricultural operations and food industries. Waste Management 25 (9): 887-907.
Sandhu, S., Sekaran, U., Ozlu, E., Hoilett, N.O. and Kumar, S. (2019). Short-term impacts of biochar and manure application on soil labile carbon fractions, enzyme activity, and microbial community structure. Biochar 10 (2): 1-13.
Sharma, Y.C and Singh, B. (2009). Development of biodiesel current scenario. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13: 1646-1651.
Singh, S.P and Singh, D. (2010). Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oil and their esters as substitute for disesel: a review. Renewable Sustainable Energy, 14(1): 200-216.
Udoetok, I.A. (2012). Characterization of ash made from oil palm empty fruit bunches. International Journal of Environmental Sciences 3(1):518 -524.
Vogel, J. H. (2002). Palm oil mill in Oyo State: A Draft Proposal for a private venture submitted to Oyo State Government by Governor Lam Adesina, January 12 pp: 1-10.
White, E., Latta, G., Alig, R., Skog, K. and Adams, D. (2013). Biomass production from U.S forest and agricultural sectors in support of a renewable electricity standard. Energy Policy 58:64-67.
Wikipedia (2009). Available@ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/palmoilretrieved 2018.
William, C.M., Richter, C.S., Mackenzie, J.M. and Shih, J.C. (1990). Isolation and characterization of a feather-degrading bacterium. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 56:1509-1515.
Wondwossen, B. (2009). Preparation of charcoal using agricultural wastes. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Science 5(1): 80-93.
Yusoff, S. and Hansen, S.B. (2007). Feasibility study of performing a life cycle assessment on crude palm oil production in Malaysia. International Journal of Life Assessment 12: 50-58
Zaplowska, A. and Bashutska, U. (2019). The use of agricultural waste for the renewable energy production. Proceedings of the Forestry Academy of Science of Ukraine18:138- 42.
Adeoluwa, O. O., Adeoye, G. O. and Sridhar, M. K.C. (2007). Adsorption of oil palm (Elaeis guinneensis) empty fruit bunch (EFB) as organic fertilizer in oil palm plantations. In: J. A. Okogun, O. O. Adeoluwa and J. A. Adediran (eds.): Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Organic Agriculture in Nigeria 27th November-1st December, 2006 at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Pp. 30-34, University of Ibadan Press, Ibadan, Nigerian.
Agamuthu, P. (2009). Challenges and opportunities in agro-waste management: An Asian perspective. Inaugural Meeting of First Regional (3R) Forum in Asia, 11-12th November, Tokyo, Japan.
Ahmad, A.L., Chan, C.Y., Abshukor, S.R and Mashitah, M.D. (2008). Recovery of oil and carotenes from palm oil mill effluent (POME). Chemical Engineering Journal, 141: 383-386.
Akorode, M.F., Ibrahim, O., Amuda, S.A., Otuoze, A.O. and Olufeagba, B. J. (2017). Current status and outlook of renewable energy development in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 36(6): 196-212.
Angelidaki, I. and Ellegaard, L. (2003). Codigestion of manure and organic wastes in centralized biogas plants. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 109: 95-105.
Balat, M., Kirtary, E. and Balat, H. (2009). Main routes for the thermo-conversion of biomass into fuels and chemical. Part 1: Pyrolysis Systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 50: 3147-3157.
Basha, S.A., Gopal, K.R. and Jebaraj, S. (2009). A view on biodiesel production, combustion emissions and performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13: 1628-1634.
Bedoya, I.D., Arrieta, A.A. and Cadavid, F.J. (2009). Effects of mixing system and pilot fuel quality on diesel-biogas dual fuel engine performance. Bioresource Technology, 100: 6624-6629.
Ben-Iwo, J., Manovic, V. and Longhurst, O. (2016). Biomass resources and biofuel potential for the production of transportation fuels in Nigeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 63: 172-192.
Bogner, J., Pipatti, S., Hashimoto, C., Diaz, K., Mareckova, L., Diaz, P., Kjeldsen, S., Monni, Faaij, A. and Gao, Q. (2008). Mitigation of global greenhouse gas emission from waste: conclusions and strategies from the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) fourth assessment report. Working group III (mitigation). Waste Management Resource, 26 (11): 11-32.
Chandra, R.,Takeuchi, H. and Hasegawa, T. (2012).Methane production from lignocellulosic agricultural crop wastes: a review in context to second generation of biofuel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(3): 1462-1476.
Czekala, W., Grawrych, K., Smurzynska, A., Mazurkiewiecz, J., Pawlisiak, A., Chelkowski, D. and Brzoski, M. (2017). The possibility of functioning micro-scale biogas plant in selected farm. Journal of Water and Land Development, 35: 19-25. http://doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0064.
Dach, J., Zbytex, Z.,Pilarski, K. and Adamski, M. (2009). Investigation into the use of biofuel production waste as a substrate in a biogas plant. Forest Gardening Agricultural Technology, 6: 5-8.
Dhyani, V and Bhaskar, T. (2017). A comprehensive review on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, Renewable Energy, 129: 695-716.
Fellahi, S., Gad, M.H., Zaghloul, T., Feuk-Lagersted, E. and Taherzadeh, M.J. (2014). A bacillus strain able to hydrolyse alpha and beta-keratin. Journal of Bioprocessing and Biotechniques, 4: 1-7.
Gurav, R.G., Mirajkar, D.B., Saverdekar, A.V. and Pisal, S.M. (2016). Microbial degradation of poultry litter biomass by Klepsiella Spp isolated from poultry waste disposal site. Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 1(6): 1-10.
Hameed, T. B., Sridhar, M.K.C., Ana, G.R.E.E. and David, A. (2017). Low emission and smoke-free charcoal from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) waste: A cheap energy source for rural communities in Nigeria. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 34: 23-28.
Iregbu, G. U., Kubkomawa, I. H., Okoli, C. G., Ogundu, E. C., Uchegbu, M. C. and Okoli, I. C. (2014). Environmental concerns of pig waste production and its potentials as bio-fuel Source. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, (3): 17-24.
Kalu, E., Ajaruonye, A.N. and Okwara, N. (2016). Waste management practices in selected poultry farms in Umuahia, Abia State. Journal of Veterinary Advances, 6(a): 1310 – 1316.
Kishimba, M. (2000). African energy research network (AFREPREN). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150 (3): 656-661.
Kolade, O. O., Coker, A. O., Sridhar, M. K. C. and Adeoye, G. O. (2005). Palm kernel waste management through composting and crop production. Journal of Environmental Health Research, 5(2): 81-85.
Lee, P. D., Aarnink, A. J. A., Ogink, N. W. M. and Vertegen, A. M. W. A. (2005). Effects of environmental factors on odour emission from pig manure. American Society for Agricultural Engineers, 48 (2): 757-765.
Lozada, I., Islas, J. and Grande, G. (2010). Environmental and economic feasibility of palm oil biodiesel in Mexican transport sector. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1): 486-492.
Lye, E.L. and Bilsborrow, P.E. (2013). Assessment of the availability of agricultural residues on a zonal basis for medium-to large-scale bioenergy production in Nigeria. Biomass and Bioenergy, 48: 66-74.
Mdoe, J. and Mkayula, L. (2002). Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from rice husks and shell of palm fruits. Tanzanian Journal of Science, 28(2): 865-871.
Mohamed, M. and Yusup, S. (2021). A review on sustainability and quality of biochar production from oil biomass in Malaysia using thermal conversion technology. E3S Web Conferences 287, 04011.
Mohammed, N.I., Kabbashi, N. and. Alade, A. (2018). Significance of agricultural residues in sustainable biofuel development. Intechopen, 78374/DOI: 10.5772.
Mohammed, Y. S., Mustafa, M.W., Bashir, N. and Mokhatar, A. S. (2013). Renewable energy resources for distributed power generation in Nigeria: A review of the potential. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22: 257-268.
Nwagwu, C., Ede, P.N., Okoli, I. C., Chukwuka, O. K., Okoli, C. G. and Moreki, J. (2012). Effect of environmental factors and structural dimension of aerial pollution gas concentrations in tropical poultry pen in Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1(1): 15-20.
Okey, S.N. and Ogbu, C.C. (2022). Activated charcoal: A novel utility product for enhanced animal production. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107484.
Okoli, I. C., Anyaegbunam, C. N., Etuk, E. B., Uchegbu, M. C. and Udedibie A.B.I. (2004). Socio-economic characteristics of poultry business entrepreneurs in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research, 4(2): 100-111.
Okoroigwe, E. C., Ofomatah, A.C., Oparaku, N.F. and Unachukwu, G. O. (2013). Production and evaluation of activated carbon from palm kernel shell for economic and environmental sustainability. International Journal of Physical Science, 8(19): 1036-1041.
Oyedepo, S. O. (2012). Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: The way forward. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 2: 1-18.
Parveen, F.R., Rajeev, P.S., Singh, H.I.M. and Norizan, E. (2010). Pollution of oil palm waste. Journal of World Applied Science, 11(1): 70-81.
Patinvoh, R.J. (2017). Biological Pretreatment and Dry digestion for Biogas Production. PhD Thesis, University of Boras, Sweden.
Rappert, S. and Muller, R. (2005). Odour compounds in waste gas emissions from agricultural operations and food industries. Waste Management 25 (9): 887-907.
Sandhu, S., Sekaran, U., Ozlu, E., Hoilett, N.O. and Kumar, S. (2019). Short-term impacts of biochar and manure application on soil labile carbon fractions, enzyme activity, and microbial community structure. Biochar 10 (2): 1-13.
Sharma, Y.C and Singh, B. (2009). Development of biodiesel current scenario. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13: 1646-1651.
Singh, S.P and Singh, D. (2010). Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oil and their esters as substitute for disesel: a review. Renewable Sustainable Energy, 14(1): 200-216.
Udoetok, I.A. (2012). Characterization of ash made from oil palm empty fruit bunches. International Journal of Environmental Sciences 3(1):518 -524.
Vogel, J. H. (2002). Palm oil mill in Oyo State: A Draft Proposal for a private venture submitted to Oyo State Government by Governor Lam Adesina, January 12 pp: 1-10.
White, E., Latta, G., Alig, R., Skog, K. and Adams, D. (2013). Biomass production from U.S forest and agricultural sectors in support of a renewable electricity standard. Energy Policy 58:64-67.
Wikipedia (2009). Available@ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/palmoilretrieved 2018.
William, C.M., Richter, C.S., Mackenzie, J.M. and Shih, J.C. (1990). Isolation and characterization of a feather-degrading bacterium. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 56:1509-1515.
Wondwossen, B. (2009). Preparation of charcoal using agricultural wastes. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Science 5(1): 80-93.
Yusoff, S. and Hansen, S.B. (2007). Feasibility study of performing a life cycle assessment on crude palm oil production in Malaysia. International Journal of Life Assessment 12: 50-58
Zaplowska, A. and Bashutska, U. (2019). The use of agricultural waste for the renewable energy production. Proceedings of the Forestry Academy of Science of Ukraine18:138- 42.
Published
2023-08-10
How to Cite
Okey, S. N. (2023). The Use of Agricultural Wastes as Renewable Energy Resources: A Review. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 6(2), 23 - 34. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/254
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