Yield and Quality of Brachiaria ruziziensis (Congo grass) and Centrosema pascuorum (Centro) Mixtures as Influenced by Mixture Ratios, Phosphorus Levels and Stage of Harvest
Keywords:
Mixture ratio, B. ruziziensis, C.pascuorum, Fertilizer, Yeild
Abstract
This study was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 rainy season at the Crop Production Research farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi to determine the effects of plant mixture ratios (100% Sole B. ruziziensis, 75%B.R:25%C.P, 50%B.R:50%C.P, 25%B.R:75%C.P and 100% Sole C. pascuorum), phosphorus fertilizer (SSP) levels (0, 100 and 150kg/ha)and stage of harvest (10 and 12 weeks) on forage yield of B. ruziziensis and C. pascuorum intercrop. The experiment was in a split-plot design with 5x3x2 factorial arrangement in which the mixture ratios constituted the main plots while phosphorus (SSP) levels and stage of harvest constituted the sub treatments. The mean values indicated that mixture ratios and phosphorus (SSP) levels significantly (P<0.05) increased leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter yield of B. ruziziensis and C. pascuorum mixtures. The LAI was significant (P<0.05) across treatments for B. ruziziensis and C. pascuorum except C. pascuorum in mixture ratio. The highest (P<0.05) total dry matter yield (6.87t/ha) was obtained in 25%BR:75%C.P mixture. Similarly, 150 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer and week 12 gave highest (P<0.05) yield of 6.56 t/ha and6.23 t/ha, respectively. The chemical composition showed that mixture of 25%BR:75%C.P had the highest Crude protein (8.01%) and least ADF (41.18%) and NDF (50.53%) compared to others. Also, CP, ADF and NDF values were best at 150 kg/ha phosphorus and harvest stage of week 10. Therefore, B. ruziziensis and C. pascuorum mixture (25%B.R:75%C.P) with 150 kg/ha SSP and harvested at week 10 gave the best yield and quality.
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References
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Akinlade, J., Smith, J. W., Larbi, A., Archibong, I. O., Adekunle, E. O. (2002). Forage from cropping systems as dry season supplements for sheep. Tropical grassland Journal, 36
Alan, J. L., Gavin, D. K., Robert, G. D., Gavin, J. P. and Hayley, C. N. (2013). The potential of a salt-tolerant plant (Distichlis spicata cv.) to treat effluent from inland saline aquaculture and provide livestock feed on salt affected farmland. Science of the Total Environment, 445-446:192-201.
Aydin, N., Mut, Z., Mut, H., Ayan, I. (2010). Effect of autumn and spring sowing dates on hay yield and quality of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 9:1539-1545.
Bingol, N.T., Karsli, M.A., Yilmaz, I.H and Bolat, D. (2007). The effects of planting time and combination on the nutrient composition and digestible dry matter yield of four mixtures of vetch varieties intercropped with barley. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science. 31:297-302.
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Budak, F., Tukel, T. and Hatipoglu, R. (201)1. Possibilities of growing vetch (V. pannonica, V. villosa, V. dasycarpa,) and cereal (barley, oat, triticale) mixtures in fallow fields in Eskişehir Conditions. The Journal of Animal and Plant Science. 21(4):724-729
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Hadji, M.E. (2000). Compatibility, Yield, and Quality of Perennial Warm-Season Grass-Legume Mixtures. Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia. Pp. 7.
Hassan, M. R., Abdu, S. B., Amodu, J. T., Akpenseun, T. T., Adamu, H. Y., Gideon, A., Musa, A., Braimah, Y. and Abubakar, S. A. (2015). Growth components and forage yield of Centro (Centrosema pascuorum) as influenced by levels of donkey manure and irrigation frequency in the Nigerian savannah. Proceedings of the 1st Biennial conference of the society for Grassland Research and Development in Nigeria. December, Pp40-43.
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Kusvuran, A. and Tansi, V. (2011). The effects of different row spacing on herbage and seed yields of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. caramba). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 17(6):744-754.
Kusvuran, A., Kaplan, M., Nazli, R. I. (2014). Effects of mixture ratio and row spacing in Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) intercropping system on yield and quality under semi-arid climate conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 19 (1), 118-128.
Laredo, M. A. and Minson D.J. (1973). The voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time by sheep of leaf and stem fractions of five grasses. Journalof Crop and Pasture Science. 24:875-888. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9730875.
Linn, J. G. and Martin, N. P. (1999). Forage quality tests and interpretations. College of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences. University of Minnesota, USA Lithourgidis A. S., Vasilakoglou I. B., Dhima K.V., Dordas C. A. and Yiakoulaki M.D., 2006. Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seedling ratios. Field Crops Research Journal, 99: 106–113.
Lithourgidis A. S., Vasilakoglou I. B., Dhima K.V., Dordas C. A. and Yiakoulaki M.D. (2006). Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seedling ratios. Field Crops Research Journal, 99: 106–113.
Minson, D. J. (1990). The chemical composition and nutritive values of tropical grasses. In: Skerman, P.J. and Rivers, F.(eds) Tropical grasses. pp. 163–180. (FAO: Rome).
Muhammad, R. (2015). Effect of phosphate fertilization on biological compatibility of Chloris gayana and Centrosema pubescens mixture. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). ISSN (online): 2319-7061. Volume 5, Issue 9, Pp 200-211.
Ndakemi, P.A. and Dakora, F.D. (2007). Yield components of nodulated Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Maize (Zea mays) polants grown with exogenous phosphorus in different cropping systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47:587-590
Njoka-Njiru, E.N., Njarui, M.G., Abdulrazak, S.A. and Mureithi, J.G. (2006). Effect of intercropping herbaceous legumes with Napier grass on dry matter yield and nutritive value of feedstuffs in Semi-arid of Eastern Kenya. Journal of Tropical and Sub-Tropical Agriculture, 39:260-272
Njwe, R.M., Donfack, N.D., Djoukam, J. and Endeley, H, N. L. (1989). Performance of associations of Brachiaria ruziziensis with Desmodium intortum, Desmodium uncinatum, Stylosanthes guianensis at Dschang, Cameroon. www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5519a.htm
Odedire, J. A. and Babayemi, O. J. (2008). Comparative studies on the yield and chemical composition of Panicum maximum and Andropogon gayanus as influenced by Tephrosia candidaand Leucaena leucocephala. Livestock Research for Rural Development Journal, 20 (2). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd/20/2/oded20027.htm
Ojo, V.O.A Dele, P.A., Amole, T.A, Anele, U.Y., Adeoye, S.A, Hassan, O.A, Olanite, J.A, Idowu, O.J. (2013). Effects of intercropping Panicum maximum var Ntchisi and Lablab purpureus on the growth herbage yield and chemical composition of Panicum maximum Ntchisi at different harvesting times. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 16 (22):1605-1608
Olanite, J.A., Tarawali, S.A. and Aken’ova, M.E. (2004). Biomass yield, quality and acceptability of selected grass-legume mixtures in the moist savanna of West Africa. Tropical Grasslands. Volume 38, 117–128.
Ovimaps (2017). Ovi location map: Ovi earth imagery data.
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Roberts, K.M., Darly, K.G., Peter, A.M. and Victor, W.R. 2003. Harpers Biochemistry. 25thedn McGraw-Hill, New York.25:763-765.
Sani I., Amodu, J.T., Garba A. and Hassan, M.R. (2015). Effect of re-growth age on the yield and herbage quality of Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) in the Northern Guinea Savannah. Proceedings of the 1st Biennial conference of the Society for Grassland Research and Development in Nigeria (SOGREDEN). Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State. Pp60-62.
Sarwar, M., Nisa, K. and Saeed, M.N. (1999). Influence of nitrogen fertilization and stage of maturity of Mott grass (Pennisetum purpureum) on its composition, dry matter intake, ruminal characteristics and digestion kinetics in cannulated buffalo bulls. Animal Feed Science and Technology Journal, 82: 121-130.
SAS (2005). Statistical Analysis System. Guide for personal computers. Version 9. SAS Institute, Inc. Carry, New York City, USA.
Shehu, Y, Alhassan, W.S., Pal, U.R. and Phillips, C.J. (2001). Yield and chemical composition response of Lablab purpureus to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Tropical Grassland Journal, 35:180-185.
Singh, R. J. (2009). Genetic resources, chromosome engineering and crop improvement: Forage crops. CRC Press, Florida, U. S. A. Pp 8-12.
Suleiman, H. (2006). Effects of sowing methods on the growth and fodder yield of Lablab purpureus in the Semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Unpublished B.Sc Thesis, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Pp35.
Tarawali, S.A., Tarawali, G., Larbi, A. and Hanson, J. (1995). Methods for the Evaluation of forage legumes, Grasses and Fodder trees for use as livestock feed. ILRI Project Report, ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Tian, G., Hauser, S., Koutika, L. S., Ishida, F. and Chianu, J. N. (2001). Pueraria cover crop fallow system; Benefits and applicability. In: Tian, G., Ishida, F., Keatinge, d. (ed.). Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America; American Society of Agronomy. Pp.137-155.
Valadabadi, S. A. and Farahani, H. A. (2010). Effects of planting density and pattern on physiological growth indices in Maize (Zea mays L.) under nitrogenous fertilizer application. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 2(3):40-47.
Van Soest, P. J., Robortson, J. B., Lewis B. A. (1994). Method of Dietary fibre, Neutral Detergent and non-starch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Diary Science Journal.74: 3583-3597.
Vasilakoglou, I., Dhima, K. Lithourgidis, A. and Eleftherohorinos, I. (2008). Competitive ability of winter cereal–common vetch intercrops against sterile oat. Exploratory Agricultural Journal. 44:509–520.
Yolcu H, Polat, M. and Aksakal, V. (2009). Morphologic, yield and quality parameters of some annual forages as sole crops and intercropping mixtures in dry conditions for livestock. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7(3-4):594-599.
Aderinola, O. A. (2007). Herbage Production and Utilization of Andropogon tectorum as influenced by fertilizer application and legume intercrop. Ph.D Thesis Department of Animal Production Health, Ladoke Akintola University Technology, Ogbomoso. Pp9
Aderinola, O. A., Akinlade, J. A., Rafiu, T. A. and Fajimi, T. (2008). Feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of West African Dwarf Sheep and Goat fed Vetiveria nigritana grass. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production, Calabar, March 18-21. Pp310-312
Adesoji, A. G., Abubakar, I. U., Tanimu, B. and Labe, D. A. (2013). Influence of incorporated short duration legume fallow and nitrogen on maize. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 13 (1):58-67.
Akingbade, A. A., Akinlade, J. A. and Aderinola, O. A. (2004). Pasture production and utilization in the derived savannah of Nigeria. Damanik publication Mapo post office, Ibadan. Pp16-20.
Akinlade, J., Smith, J. W., Larbi, A., Archibong, I. O., Adekunle, E. O. (2002). Forage from cropping systems as dry season supplements for sheep. Tropical grassland Journal, 36
Alan, J. L., Gavin, D. K., Robert, G. D., Gavin, J. P. and Hayley, C. N. (2013). The potential of a salt-tolerant plant (Distichlis spicata cv.) to treat effluent from inland saline aquaculture and provide livestock feed on salt affected farmland. Science of the Total Environment, 445-446:192-201.
Aydin, N., Mut, Z., Mut, H., Ayan, I. (2010). Effect of autumn and spring sowing dates on hay yield and quality of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 9:1539-1545.
Bingol, N.T., Karsli, M.A., Yilmaz, I.H and Bolat, D. (2007). The effects of planting time and combination on the nutrient composition and digestible dry matter yield of four mixtures of vetch varieties intercropped with barley. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science. 31:297-302.
Blade, T.A., Vandersall, J.H., Erdman, R.A., Reeves, J.M. and Barbara, P.G. (1993). Effect of stage of maturity of alfalfa and Orchard grass on in situ dry matter and crude protein degradability and amino acid composition. Animal feed Science and Technology Journal, 44: 29-43.
Budak, F., Tukel, T. and Hatipoglu, R. (201)1. Possibilities of growing vetch (V. pannonica, V. villosa, V. dasycarpa,) and cereal (barley, oat, triticale) mixtures in fallow fields in Eskişehir Conditions. The Journal of Animal and Plant Science. 21(4):724-729
Budisantoso, E., Fernandez, P.T., Nulik, J. (2006). Integrating short term legume leys into the maize cropping systems in West Timor: Adaptation species evaluation, communication Research result for field crops, food, agriculture and livestock in dry land farming system, Centre for Agriculture Technology and Development, National proceedings. 16:201-205.
Carsky, R. J., Oyewole, B. and Tian, G. (1999). Integrated soil management for the savanna zone of West Africa. In: Legume rotation and fertilizer N. Nutrient Cycle. Agroecosystem Journal, 55:95-105
Castillo, E., Ruiz, T. E., Stuart, R., Galindo, J., Hernandez, J. L., Diaz, H. (2003). Effect of the protein-energetic supplementation on the performance of male bovines grazing natural pastures associated with a mixture of creeping legumes. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 37 (2): 143-147
Cook, B. G., Pengelly, B. C., Brown, S. D., Donnelly, J. L., Eagles, D. A., Franco, M. A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B. F., Partridge, I. J., Peters, M. and Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical Forages. CSIRO, DPI and F (Qld), CIAT and ILRI, Brisbane, Australia.
Corre-Hellou, G., Bisson, N., Launay, M., Fustec, J. and Crozat, Y. (2007). Effect of root depth penetration on soil N sharing and dry matter in pea-barley intercrops given different soil N supplies, Field Crop Research Journal, 103, 76-85.
Enoch, M.B., Kijora, C., Peters, K.J., Tanya, V.N., Fonkem, D. and Mbanya, J. (2005). Investigation on change of forage quality at harvesting, during hay making and storage of hay harvested at different growth stages in the Adamawa plateau of Cameroon. Livestock Research for Rural Development Journal. Vol. 17 (5), Article No. 49.
Erman, M., Yildirim, B., Togay, N. and Cig, F. (2009). Effect of phosphorus application and Rhizobium inoculation on the yield, nodulation and nitrogen uptake in Field Pea (Pisum sativum sp. Arvense L.). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science. 8 (2): 301 – 304.
Follet, R.F. and Wilkinson, S.R. (1985). Soil fertility and fertilization of forages. In: Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture, Health, M.E, Barnes, R.F and Metcalfe, D.S. (Eds). 4th Edition. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.Pp:304-317.
Hadji, M.E. (2000). Compatibility, Yield, and Quality of Perennial Warm-Season Grass-Legume Mixtures. Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia. Pp. 7.
Hassan, M. R., Abdu, S. B., Amodu, J. T., Akpenseun, T. T., Adamu, H. Y., Gideon, A., Musa, A., Braimah, Y. and Abubakar, S. A. (2015). Growth components and forage yield of Centro (Centrosema pascuorum) as influenced by levels of donkey manure and irrigation frequency in the Nigerian savannah. Proceedings of the 1st Biennial conference of the society for Grassland Research and Development in Nigeria. December, Pp40-43.
Heuze, V., Tran, G., Boval, M., Maxin, G., Lebas, F. (2017). Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/484. Last updated on November 15, 2017, 16:24
Kusvuran, A. and Tansi, V. (2011). The effects of different row spacing on herbage and seed yields of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. caramba). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 17(6):744-754.
Kusvuran, A., Kaplan, M., Nazli, R. I. (2014). Effects of mixture ratio and row spacing in Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) intercropping system on yield and quality under semi-arid climate conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 19 (1), 118-128.
Laredo, M. A. and Minson D.J. (1973). The voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time by sheep of leaf and stem fractions of five grasses. Journalof Crop and Pasture Science. 24:875-888. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9730875.
Linn, J. G. and Martin, N. P. (1999). Forage quality tests and interpretations. College of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences. University of Minnesota, USA Lithourgidis A. S., Vasilakoglou I. B., Dhima K.V., Dordas C. A. and Yiakoulaki M.D., 2006. Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seedling ratios. Field Crops Research Journal, 99: 106–113.
Lithourgidis A. S., Vasilakoglou I. B., Dhima K.V., Dordas C. A. and Yiakoulaki M.D. (2006). Forage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seedling ratios. Field Crops Research Journal, 99: 106–113.
Minson, D. J. (1990). The chemical composition and nutritive values of tropical grasses. In: Skerman, P.J. and Rivers, F.(eds) Tropical grasses. pp. 163–180. (FAO: Rome).
Muhammad, R. (2015). Effect of phosphate fertilization on biological compatibility of Chloris gayana and Centrosema pubescens mixture. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). ISSN (online): 2319-7061. Volume 5, Issue 9, Pp 200-211.
Ndakemi, P.A. and Dakora, F.D. (2007). Yield components of nodulated Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Maize (Zea mays) polants grown with exogenous phosphorus in different cropping systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47:587-590
Njoka-Njiru, E.N., Njarui, M.G., Abdulrazak, S.A. and Mureithi, J.G. (2006). Effect of intercropping herbaceous legumes with Napier grass on dry matter yield and nutritive value of feedstuffs in Semi-arid of Eastern Kenya. Journal of Tropical and Sub-Tropical Agriculture, 39:260-272
Njwe, R.M., Donfack, N.D., Djoukam, J. and Endeley, H, N. L. (1989). Performance of associations of Brachiaria ruziziensis with Desmodium intortum, Desmodium uncinatum, Stylosanthes guianensis at Dschang, Cameroon. www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5519a.htm
Odedire, J. A. and Babayemi, O. J. (2008). Comparative studies on the yield and chemical composition of Panicum maximum and Andropogon gayanus as influenced by Tephrosia candidaand Leucaena leucocephala. Livestock Research for Rural Development Journal, 20 (2). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd/20/2/oded20027.htm
Ojo, V.O.A Dele, P.A., Amole, T.A, Anele, U.Y., Adeoye, S.A, Hassan, O.A, Olanite, J.A, Idowu, O.J. (2013). Effects of intercropping Panicum maximum var Ntchisi and Lablab purpureus on the growth herbage yield and chemical composition of Panicum maximum Ntchisi at different harvesting times. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 16 (22):1605-1608
Olanite, J.A., Tarawali, S.A. and Aken’ova, M.E. (2004). Biomass yield, quality and acceptability of selected grass-legume mixtures in the moist savanna of West Africa. Tropical Grasslands. Volume 38, 117–128.
Ovimaps (2017). Ovi location map: Ovi earth imagery data.
Reddy, R.S. (2000). Principles of crop production. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi-110 002, India. Pp 45-47
Roberts, K.M., Darly, K.G., Peter, A.M. and Victor, W.R. 2003. Harpers Biochemistry. 25thedn McGraw-Hill, New York.25:763-765.
Sani I., Amodu, J.T., Garba A. and Hassan, M.R. (2015). Effect of re-growth age on the yield and herbage quality of Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) in the Northern Guinea Savannah. Proceedings of the 1st Biennial conference of the Society for Grassland Research and Development in Nigeria (SOGREDEN). Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State. Pp60-62.
Sarwar, M., Nisa, K. and Saeed, M.N. (1999). Influence of nitrogen fertilization and stage of maturity of Mott grass (Pennisetum purpureum) on its composition, dry matter intake, ruminal characteristics and digestion kinetics in cannulated buffalo bulls. Animal Feed Science and Technology Journal, 82: 121-130.
SAS (2005). Statistical Analysis System. Guide for personal computers. Version 9. SAS Institute, Inc. Carry, New York City, USA.
Shehu, Y, Alhassan, W.S., Pal, U.R. and Phillips, C.J. (2001). Yield and chemical composition response of Lablab purpureus to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Tropical Grassland Journal, 35:180-185.
Singh, R. J. (2009). Genetic resources, chromosome engineering and crop improvement: Forage crops. CRC Press, Florida, U. S. A. Pp 8-12.
Suleiman, H. (2006). Effects of sowing methods on the growth and fodder yield of Lablab purpureus in the Semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Unpublished B.Sc Thesis, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Pp35.
Tarawali, S.A., Tarawali, G., Larbi, A. and Hanson, J. (1995). Methods for the Evaluation of forage legumes, Grasses and Fodder trees for use as livestock feed. ILRI Project Report, ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Tian, G., Hauser, S., Koutika, L. S., Ishida, F. and Chianu, J. N. (2001). Pueraria cover crop fallow system; Benefits and applicability. In: Tian, G., Ishida, F., Keatinge, d. (ed.). Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America; American Society of Agronomy. Pp.137-155.
Valadabadi, S. A. and Farahani, H. A. (2010). Effects of planting density and pattern on physiological growth indices in Maize (Zea mays L.) under nitrogenous fertilizer application. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 2(3):40-47.
Van Soest, P. J., Robortson, J. B., Lewis B. A. (1994). Method of Dietary fibre, Neutral Detergent and non-starch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Diary Science Journal.74: 3583-3597.
Vasilakoglou, I., Dhima, K. Lithourgidis, A. and Eleftherohorinos, I. (2008). Competitive ability of winter cereal–common vetch intercrops against sterile oat. Exploratory Agricultural Journal. 44:509–520.
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Published
2020-10-24
How to Cite
Sani, I., Amodu, J. T., Tanko, R. J., Hassan, M. R., Adamu, N., & Girgiri, A. Y. (2020). Yield and Quality of Brachiaria ruziziensis (Congo grass) and Centrosema pascuorum (Centro) Mixtures as Influenced by Mixture Ratios, Phosphorus Levels and Stage of Harvest. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 3(3), 72 - 85. Retrieved from https://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/109
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Articles
