Effects of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Powder on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profiles and Carcass Traits of Finisher Broiler Chickens
Keywords:
Bitter leaf powder, Broilers, Carcass traits, Lipid profile, liver enzyme
Abstract
Thirty-two (32) three-week old Arbor Acre unsexed broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effects of bitter leaf powder (BLP) on liver enzymes, lipid profile and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. The birds were acclimatized for one week and thereafter allocated to 4 treatments: T1 (Control), T2 (2.5 g BLP/bird), T3 (5 g BLP/bird), and T4 (7.5 g BLP/bird) in a completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated twice, with 4 birds per replicate. The birds received BLP through drinking water (2 ml drench) for 4 weeks. At the end, data obtained from serum parameters and carcass traits were subjected to analysis of variance and significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Results showed that BLP supplements had no significant effect (P>0.05) on liver enzyme markers and lipid profiles. The carcass characteristics showed that T3 differed (P<0.05) from other groups in live, slaughter, plucked, eviscerated and dressed weights and body parts including the thigh, breast, neck and the shank weights. The control group outperformed (P <0.05) other groups in intestinal and liver weights whereas the abdominal fat was numerically (P>0.05) highest in the group treated with 2.5 g/bird. It can be concluded that BLP had no negative effects on liver enzyme markers and lipid profile of broiler chickens whereas 5 g BLP/bird showed superiority of carcass characteristics in the broiler chickens.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abbasi, M.A., Ghazanfari, S., Sharifi, S.D. and Gavlighi, A.H. (2020). Influence of dietary plant fats and antioxidant supplementations on performance, apparent metabolizable energy andproteindigestibility, lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition of meat in broiler chicken. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 6(1): 54–68.
Abdel-Moneim, A.M.E., Shehata, A.M., Alzahrani, S.O., Shafi, M.E., Mesalam, N.M., Taha, A.E., Swelum, A.A., Arif, M., Fayyaz, M. and Abd El-Hack, M.E. (2020). The role of polyphenols in poultry nutrition. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, (Berl), 104(6): 1851–1866.
Adaramoye, O.A., Nwaneri, V.O. and Anyanwu, K.C. (2005). Possible anti-atherogenic effect of kolaviron (Garcinia kola seed extract) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 32: 40 – 46.
Adaramoye, O.A., Akintayo, O., Achem, J. and Fafunso, M.A. (2008). Lipid-lowering effects of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in rats fed on high cholesterol diet. Vascular Health and Risk Management,4:235. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.2008.04.01.235
Ambrosy, A.P., Dunn, T.P. and Heidenreich, P.A. (2015). Effect of minor liver function test abnormalities and values within the normal range on survival in heart failure. The American Journal of Cardiology, 115(7): 938-941.
Dudley, R.E. Svoboda, D.J. and Klaassen, C. D. (1982). Acute exposure to cadmium causes severe liver injury in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 65(2): 302-313.
Ekpo, A., Eseyin, A.O., Ikpeme, A.O. and Edoho, E.J. (2007). Some studies on some biochemical effects of Vernonia amygdalina in rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, 2(3): 193-197.
FAO (2008). Utilization of Poultry Feed Resources by Small holders in Villages in Developing Countries. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy.
FAO (2011). FAOSTAT: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Japhet, Y.B. and Godgift, T. (2021). Effect of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract on growth performance, carcass characteristics of pullet and broiler birds. International Journal of Science and Research Archives, 3(02): 209–213.
Khan, R.U., Naz, S., Nikousefat, Z., Tufarelli, V., Javdani, M., Qureshi, M.S. and Laudadio, V. (2012). Potential applications of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in poultry diets. World's Poultry Science Journal, 68: 245-252.
Kismiati, S., Sarjana, T.A., Mahfudz, L.D. and Prayitno, D.S. (2023). African leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extracts improve Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) carcass traits, Veterinary World, 16(4): 773–778. doi: www.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.773-778. Retrieved on 12th February, 2024
Krieger, M. (1998). The “best” of cholesterols, the “worst” of cholesterols: a tale of two receptors. Proceeding National Academic Science, USA., 95: 4077 – 4080.
Mandey, J.S., Sompie, M. and Wolayan, F.R. (2021). Growth assessment of broiler chickens given bitter leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) as phyto-additive, potentially antimicrobial agents of lipids and amino acids. Advances in Biological Sciences Research, 18: 21-25.
Molnar, C. and Gair, J. (2015). The circulatory system: components of blood. In: Concepts of Biology. 1st ed. BCcampus, Canada.
Nath, S. and Aravindkumar, K. (2021). Role of flavonoids in poultry nutrition. Acta Scientific Veterinary Science, 3(12): 88–91.
Nowak, J., Kiss, A.K., Wambebe, C., Katuura, E. and Kuźma, L. (2022). Phytochemical analysis of polyphenols in leaf extract from Vernonia amygdalina Delile plant growing in Uganda. Applied Sciences, 12(2): 912.
NRCRI (2018). National Root Crop Research Institute Annual Report in Umudike. Pp 23-26.
Nufer, A.I. and Shatskikh, E.V. (2021). The effect of herbal supplements on development of internal organs and chemical composition of broilers muscles. Theory Practice and Meat Process, 6(2): 141–150.
Obi, I.U. (2002). Statistical Methods of Detecting Differences Between Treatment Means and Research Methodology Issues in Laboratory and Field Experiments. AP Express Publishers, Limited, 3 Obollo road, Nsukka-Nigeria. p. 117.
Ojiako, O.A. and Nwanjo, H.U. (2009). Biochemical studies of the effects of the aqueous extract of Nigerian garlic on lipid profile and artherogenic risk predictor indices. Australian Journal Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(3): 2861 – 2865.
Okey, E.A. and Egede, S.C. (2021). Comparative study of the effects of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), scent leaf (Ocimum grattissimum) and pumpkin leaf (Telferia occidentalis) extracts on the performance and haematological parameters of broiler birds. IDOSR Journal of Experimental Sciences, 6(1): 79-87.
Okpe, A. A., Abdullahi, J., Iyaode, I. and Ajagbe, A. D. (2022). Effect of varying dietary levels of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal on the serum biochemistry of finisher broilers. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, Management and Development, 10(1): 162-170.
Okukpe, K.M., Oyetunji, Y.M., Samuel, D.A., Sanni, K.M. and Adeyina, A.O. (2020). Growth performance and carcass evaluation of weaner grasscutters fed Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal. Nigerian Journal of Pure & Applied Science, 33(1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.48198/NJPAS/19.B16. Retrieved on 16th November, 2023
Oleforuh-Okoleh, V., Olorunleke, S. and Nte, I. (2015). Comparative response of bitter leaf (Vernoniaamygdalina)infusion administration on performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chicks. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 9: 217-224. https://doi. org/10.3923/ajas.2015.217.224. Retrieved on 10th March, 2024
Omede, A., Suleiman, M.S., Atanu, F.O., Momoh, S., Friday, E.T., Sheneni, V.D. and Jegede,E.R. (2018). Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Vernonia amygdalina. International Journal of Cell Science and Molecular Biology,4(4): 555644.
Orlewick, Y. and Vovchuk, I. (2012). Plasma lipid metabolites and liver lipid components in broilers at 21 days of age in response to dietary different fiber sources. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production, 51: 115-127.
Owen, A.J. and Amakiri, A.O. (2012). Serological and haematological profile of broiler finishers fed graded levels of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal. Advanced Agricultural Biotechnologies, 1: 77-81.
Owen, O.J., Amakiri, A.O. and Karibi-Botoye, T.A. (2011). Lipid – lowering effects of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) in broiler chickens fed finishers’ mash. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2(6):1038-1041.
Oyesola, O.A., Sampson, I.I., Augustine, A.A., Adejoke, O.B. and Taiwo, G.E. (2022). Comparison of phytochemical constituents of ethanol leaf extracts of Solanum macrocarpon and Vernonia amygdalina. Asian Journal Natural Product Biochemistry, 20(1): 6–10.
Polat, U., Yesilbag, D. and Eren, M. (2011). Serum biochemical profile of broiler chickens fed diets containing rosemary and rosemary volatile oil. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 5: 23-30.
Praptiwi, Fathoni, A. and Ilyas, M. (2020). Diversity of endophytic fungi from Vernonia amygdalina, their phenolic and flavonoid contents and bioactivities. Biodiversitas, 21(2): 436–441.
Prihambodo, T.R., Sholikin, M.M., Qomariyah, N., Jayanegara, A., Batubara, I., Utomo, D.B. and Nahrowi, N. (2021). Effects of dietary flavonoids on performance, blood constituents, carcass composition and small intestinal morphology of broilers: A meta-analysis. Animal Biosciences, 34(3): 434–442.
Pritchard, K.A. Jrn., Groscek, L., and Smalley, D.M. (1995). Native low-density lipoprotein increases endothelia cell nutric oxide synthase generation of superoxide amion. Circulation Research, 77: 510 – 518.
Qujeq, O. and Aliakbarpour, H. (2005). Blood serum components and serum protein test of Hybro- PG broilers of different ages. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 229-232.
Radwan, N.L., Abdo, Z.M.A. and Hassan, R.A. (2007). Effect of feeding artichoke leaves meal on productive and reproductive performance of Mandarah hens. Poultry Science, 63(11): 826 – 834.
Reitman, S. and Frank, S. (1957). A calorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetate and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Animal Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28-56.
Rusli, B., Astuty, A.F., Syamsuddin, Natsir, S. and Muh, M.L. (2022). Percentage of carcass parts of broiler chicken given additional African leaf flour feed (Vernonia amygdalina). Russian Journal Agricultural and Socio-economic Sciences, 124(4): 54–61.
Shilov, V., Khakimova, G., Semina, O., Akhmadullin, R. and Akhmadullina, A. (2020). Effect of the antioxidant “Bisphenol-5” on the digestibility of nutrients in the diet of broilers. BIO Web Conference, 17: 00135.
Suhaemi, Z. and Hidayati, S.G. (2020). Improvement of the Quality of Duck’s and Chicken’s Meat using African Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). In:Proceedings of the International Seminar on Promoting Local Resources for Sustainable Agriculture and Development (ISPLRSAD 2020). pp163–167.
Tan, Z., Halter, B., Liu.D., Gilbert, E.R. and Cline, M. A. (2022). Dietary flavonoid as modulators of lipid metabolism in poultry. Frontiers in Physiology, 13: 863860.
Tokofai, B.M., Idoh, K., Oke, O.E. and Agbonon, A. (2021). Hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia amygdalina (Astereaceae) extract on CCl4 -induced liver injury in broiler chickens. Animals (Basel), 11(12): 3371.
Tomotake, H., Yamanoto, N. and Yanaka, N. (2006). High protein buckwheat flour suppresses hypercholesterolemia in rats and gall stone formation in mice by hyperchotesterolemic diet and body fat in rats because of its low protein digestibility. Nutrition, 22: 166 – 173.
Ugokwe, N.I. and Ugokwe, C. (2022). Comparative study on the prebiotic effect of Inulin and aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina on growth and intestinal morphometry of broiler chicken (Cobb strain). Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 7(1): 17–27.
Visavadiya, N.P. and Narasimhacharya, A.V. (2007). Ameliorative effect of Chorophytum borivilianum root on lipid metabolism in hyperlipaemic rats. Clinicaland Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 34:244 – 249.
Wald, N.J. and Law, M.R. (1995). Cholesterol and ischemic heart disease. Atheroscherosis, 118: 1- 5
Yokozawa, T., Cho, E.J. and Sasaki, S. (2006). The protective role of Chinese prescription kangen-karyu extract on diet – induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29:760 – 765.
Abdel-Moneim, A.M.E., Shehata, A.M., Alzahrani, S.O., Shafi, M.E., Mesalam, N.M., Taha, A.E., Swelum, A.A., Arif, M., Fayyaz, M. and Abd El-Hack, M.E. (2020). The role of polyphenols in poultry nutrition. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, (Berl), 104(6): 1851–1866.
Adaramoye, O.A., Nwaneri, V.O. and Anyanwu, K.C. (2005). Possible anti-atherogenic effect of kolaviron (Garcinia kola seed extract) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 32: 40 – 46.
Adaramoye, O.A., Akintayo, O., Achem, J. and Fafunso, M.A. (2008). Lipid-lowering effects of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in rats fed on high cholesterol diet. Vascular Health and Risk Management,4:235. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.2008.04.01.235
Ambrosy, A.P., Dunn, T.P. and Heidenreich, P.A. (2015). Effect of minor liver function test abnormalities and values within the normal range on survival in heart failure. The American Journal of Cardiology, 115(7): 938-941.
Dudley, R.E. Svoboda, D.J. and Klaassen, C. D. (1982). Acute exposure to cadmium causes severe liver injury in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 65(2): 302-313.
Ekpo, A., Eseyin, A.O., Ikpeme, A.O. and Edoho, E.J. (2007). Some studies on some biochemical effects of Vernonia amygdalina in rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, 2(3): 193-197.
FAO (2008). Utilization of Poultry Feed Resources by Small holders in Villages in Developing Countries. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy.
FAO (2011). FAOSTAT: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Japhet, Y.B. and Godgift, T. (2021). Effect of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract on growth performance, carcass characteristics of pullet and broiler birds. International Journal of Science and Research Archives, 3(02): 209–213.
Khan, R.U., Naz, S., Nikousefat, Z., Tufarelli, V., Javdani, M., Qureshi, M.S. and Laudadio, V. (2012). Potential applications of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in poultry diets. World's Poultry Science Journal, 68: 245-252.
Kismiati, S., Sarjana, T.A., Mahfudz, L.D. and Prayitno, D.S. (2023). African leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extracts improve Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) carcass traits, Veterinary World, 16(4): 773–778. doi: www.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.773-778. Retrieved on 12th February, 2024
Krieger, M. (1998). The “best” of cholesterols, the “worst” of cholesterols: a tale of two receptors. Proceeding National Academic Science, USA., 95: 4077 – 4080.
Mandey, J.S., Sompie, M. and Wolayan, F.R. (2021). Growth assessment of broiler chickens given bitter leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) as phyto-additive, potentially antimicrobial agents of lipids and amino acids. Advances in Biological Sciences Research, 18: 21-25.
Molnar, C. and Gair, J. (2015). The circulatory system: components of blood. In: Concepts of Biology. 1st ed. BCcampus, Canada.
Nath, S. and Aravindkumar, K. (2021). Role of flavonoids in poultry nutrition. Acta Scientific Veterinary Science, 3(12): 88–91.
Nowak, J., Kiss, A.K., Wambebe, C., Katuura, E. and Kuźma, L. (2022). Phytochemical analysis of polyphenols in leaf extract from Vernonia amygdalina Delile plant growing in Uganda. Applied Sciences, 12(2): 912.
NRCRI (2018). National Root Crop Research Institute Annual Report in Umudike. Pp 23-26.
Nufer, A.I. and Shatskikh, E.V. (2021). The effect of herbal supplements on development of internal organs and chemical composition of broilers muscles. Theory Practice and Meat Process, 6(2): 141–150.
Obi, I.U. (2002). Statistical Methods of Detecting Differences Between Treatment Means and Research Methodology Issues in Laboratory and Field Experiments. AP Express Publishers, Limited, 3 Obollo road, Nsukka-Nigeria. p. 117.
Ojiako, O.A. and Nwanjo, H.U. (2009). Biochemical studies of the effects of the aqueous extract of Nigerian garlic on lipid profile and artherogenic risk predictor indices. Australian Journal Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(3): 2861 – 2865.
Okey, E.A. and Egede, S.C. (2021). Comparative study of the effects of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), scent leaf (Ocimum grattissimum) and pumpkin leaf (Telferia occidentalis) extracts on the performance and haematological parameters of broiler birds. IDOSR Journal of Experimental Sciences, 6(1): 79-87.
Okpe, A. A., Abdullahi, J., Iyaode, I. and Ajagbe, A. D. (2022). Effect of varying dietary levels of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal on the serum biochemistry of finisher broilers. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, Management and Development, 10(1): 162-170.
Okukpe, K.M., Oyetunji, Y.M., Samuel, D.A., Sanni, K.M. and Adeyina, A.O. (2020). Growth performance and carcass evaluation of weaner grasscutters fed Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal. Nigerian Journal of Pure & Applied Science, 33(1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.48198/NJPAS/19.B16. Retrieved on 16th November, 2023
Oleforuh-Okoleh, V., Olorunleke, S. and Nte, I. (2015). Comparative response of bitter leaf (Vernoniaamygdalina)infusion administration on performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chicks. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences, 9: 217-224. https://doi. org/10.3923/ajas.2015.217.224. Retrieved on 10th March, 2024
Omede, A., Suleiman, M.S., Atanu, F.O., Momoh, S., Friday, E.T., Sheneni, V.D. and Jegede,E.R. (2018). Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Vernonia amygdalina. International Journal of Cell Science and Molecular Biology,4(4): 555644.
Orlewick, Y. and Vovchuk, I. (2012). Plasma lipid metabolites and liver lipid components in broilers at 21 days of age in response to dietary different fiber sources. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production, 51: 115-127.
Owen, A.J. and Amakiri, A.O. (2012). Serological and haematological profile of broiler finishers fed graded levels of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal. Advanced Agricultural Biotechnologies, 1: 77-81.
Owen, O.J., Amakiri, A.O. and Karibi-Botoye, T.A. (2011). Lipid – lowering effects of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) in broiler chickens fed finishers’ mash. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2(6):1038-1041.
Oyesola, O.A., Sampson, I.I., Augustine, A.A., Adejoke, O.B. and Taiwo, G.E. (2022). Comparison of phytochemical constituents of ethanol leaf extracts of Solanum macrocarpon and Vernonia amygdalina. Asian Journal Natural Product Biochemistry, 20(1): 6–10.
Polat, U., Yesilbag, D. and Eren, M. (2011). Serum biochemical profile of broiler chickens fed diets containing rosemary and rosemary volatile oil. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 5: 23-30.
Praptiwi, Fathoni, A. and Ilyas, M. (2020). Diversity of endophytic fungi from Vernonia amygdalina, their phenolic and flavonoid contents and bioactivities. Biodiversitas, 21(2): 436–441.
Prihambodo, T.R., Sholikin, M.M., Qomariyah, N., Jayanegara, A., Batubara, I., Utomo, D.B. and Nahrowi, N. (2021). Effects of dietary flavonoids on performance, blood constituents, carcass composition and small intestinal morphology of broilers: A meta-analysis. Animal Biosciences, 34(3): 434–442.
Pritchard, K.A. Jrn., Groscek, L., and Smalley, D.M. (1995). Native low-density lipoprotein increases endothelia cell nutric oxide synthase generation of superoxide amion. Circulation Research, 77: 510 – 518.
Qujeq, O. and Aliakbarpour, H. (2005). Blood serum components and serum protein test of Hybro- PG broilers of different ages. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 229-232.
Radwan, N.L., Abdo, Z.M.A. and Hassan, R.A. (2007). Effect of feeding artichoke leaves meal on productive and reproductive performance of Mandarah hens. Poultry Science, 63(11): 826 – 834.
Reitman, S. and Frank, S. (1957). A calorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetate and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Animal Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28-56.
Rusli, B., Astuty, A.F., Syamsuddin, Natsir, S. and Muh, M.L. (2022). Percentage of carcass parts of broiler chicken given additional African leaf flour feed (Vernonia amygdalina). Russian Journal Agricultural and Socio-economic Sciences, 124(4): 54–61.
Shilov, V., Khakimova, G., Semina, O., Akhmadullin, R. and Akhmadullina, A. (2020). Effect of the antioxidant “Bisphenol-5” on the digestibility of nutrients in the diet of broilers. BIO Web Conference, 17: 00135.
Suhaemi, Z. and Hidayati, S.G. (2020). Improvement of the Quality of Duck’s and Chicken’s Meat using African Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). In:Proceedings of the International Seminar on Promoting Local Resources for Sustainable Agriculture and Development (ISPLRSAD 2020). pp163–167.
Tan, Z., Halter, B., Liu.D., Gilbert, E.R. and Cline, M. A. (2022). Dietary flavonoid as modulators of lipid metabolism in poultry. Frontiers in Physiology, 13: 863860.
Tokofai, B.M., Idoh, K., Oke, O.E. and Agbonon, A. (2021). Hepatoprotective effects of Vernonia amygdalina (Astereaceae) extract on CCl4 -induced liver injury in broiler chickens. Animals (Basel), 11(12): 3371.
Tomotake, H., Yamanoto, N. and Yanaka, N. (2006). High protein buckwheat flour suppresses hypercholesterolemia in rats and gall stone formation in mice by hyperchotesterolemic diet and body fat in rats because of its low protein digestibility. Nutrition, 22: 166 – 173.
Ugokwe, N.I. and Ugokwe, C. (2022). Comparative study on the prebiotic effect of Inulin and aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina on growth and intestinal morphometry of broiler chicken (Cobb strain). Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 7(1): 17–27.
Visavadiya, N.P. and Narasimhacharya, A.V. (2007). Ameliorative effect of Chorophytum borivilianum root on lipid metabolism in hyperlipaemic rats. Clinicaland Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 34:244 – 249.
Wald, N.J. and Law, M.R. (1995). Cholesterol and ischemic heart disease. Atheroscherosis, 118: 1- 5
Yokozawa, T., Cho, E.J. and Sasaki, S. (2006). The protective role of Chinese prescription kangen-karyu extract on diet – induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29:760 – 765.
Published
2025-07-20
How to Cite
Unigwe, R.C., Emmanuel, R. C., Ukwueze C. S., Egwu, L. U., & Shobowale, O. M. (2025). Effects of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Powder on Liver Enzymes, Lipid Profiles and Carcass Traits of Finisher Broiler Chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 8(1), 104 - 112. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/412
Section
Articles
