Ameliorative Effect of Methanolic Extract of Orange Peels on Serum Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine and Haematological Parameters in Male Albino Wister Rats Following Mercury Toxicity
Keywords:
Orange peel, Mercury, Thyroid hormones, Heamatology, Wister rats
Abstract
This study investigated the ameliorative effect of methanolic extract of orange peel on serum
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and haematological parameters in male Wister rats
following mercury toxicity. Fifteen (15) apparently healthy mature wistar strain albino rats
weighing 170g-180g, were housed in a standard rat cage and fed on standard feed. The
experimental rats were randomly divided into three groups of five rats each and allowed to
acclimatize before the commencement of the experiment. The groups were as follows; group I
(normal saline), group II (mercury chloride; 3.0 mg/kg alone) and group III (orange peel extract;
600mg/kg and mecury chloride; 3.0 mg/kg) in a completely randomized design. The treatment
was done for 21 consecutive days. Two (2) ml of blood was collected through the saphenous vein
once weekly for three weeks for determination of serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine
and whole blood for haematological parameters. The result revealed significant (P≤0.05) decrease
in T4 and T3 in group II (25.3 ± 0.7 nmol/l; 0.9± 0.52 nmol/l) compared to group I (38± 0.23
nmol/l ; 1.9± 0.34 nmol/l) and a significant (P≤0.05) recovery for these parameters was observed
in group III (30.3± 1.2 nmol/l; 1.4 ± 0.55 nmol/l) compared to group II. Significant increase
(P≤0.05) was also observed on all haematological parameters in group I and group III, however
there was a significant decrease (P≤0.05) on all haematological parameters except for white
blood cell which increased significantly (P≤0.05) in group II. It was concluded that methanolic
orange peel extract ameliorated the toxic effect of mercury on thyroid hormones and
haematological parameters in male Wister rats.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Affelska-Jercha, A. (1999). The toxic effect of mercury in occupational exposure. Medical Practice, 4 (50): 305-314.
Azevedo, B. F., Furieri, L.B., Peçanha, F.M., Wiggers, G.A., Vassallo, P. F. and Simões, M.R. (2012) Toxic Effects of Mercury on the Cardiovascular and Central Nervous Systems. Journal Biomedical Biotechnology, 10: 115-118.
Azra, R., Rafeeq, A.K., Talat, M., Tazeen, M., Mansoor, A. (2014). In vitro/in vivo effect of Citrus limon (L. burm. F.) juice on blood parameters, coagulation and anticoagulation factors in rabbits. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacological Science, 27: 907–915.
Balikci, E., Yildiz , A .and Gürdogan, F. (2003). Blood metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and postpartum in Akkaraman ewes. Small Ruminant Research , 67 (2-3) : 247 – 251.
Bianco, A.C., Salvatore, D., Greben, B., Berry, M.J. and Larsen, P.R. (2002) Biochemistry, cellular, molecular biology and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocrinology Review, 23:38-89.
Bopp, S.K., Abicht, H.K. and Knauer, K. (2008). Copper-induced oxidative stress in rainbow trout gill cells. Aquatic Toxicology, 86:197-204.
Boron, W. F. and Boulpaep, E. (2003) Synthesis of thyroid hormones. Medical physiology: Acellar and molecular approach. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;.Pp. 1300.
Brandăo, R, Borges, L. P., de Oliveira, R., Rocha, J.B. and Nogueira, C. W. (2008). Diphenyl diselenide protects against hematological and immunological alterations induced by mercury in mice. Journal of Biochemical Molecule and Toxicology, 5 (22): 311-319.
Brandăo, R., Borges, L. P. and Nogueira, C. W. (2009). Concomitant administration of sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulphonate (DMPS) and diphenyl diselenide reduces effectiveness of DMPS in restoring damage induced by mercuric chloride in mice. Food Chemical Toxicology, 5:43-50.
Christensen, G.M., McKim, J.M., Brungs, W.A. and Hunt, E.P. (1972). Changes in the blood of the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus Lesuer) following short and long term exposure to copper. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 23:417–427.
Craig, W.J. (1997) Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97: 199– S204.
Crowell, P.L. (1999) Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. The Journal of Nutrition, 1293: 775-778.
Divi, R. L. and Doerge, D. R. (1994). Mechanism-based inactivation of lactoperoxidase and thyroid peroxidase by resorcinol derivatives. Biochemistry, 33, 9668-9674.
Doerge, D. R. and Takazawa, R. S. (1990). Mechanism of thyroid peroxidase inhibition by ethylenethiourea. Chemical Research on Toxicology, 3, 98-101.
Ehler, S.A. (2011). Citrus and its benefits. Journal of Botany 5: 201-207.
Etebu, E. and Nwauzoma, A. B. (2014). A review on sweet orange (Citrus Sinensis Osbeck) Health diseases and management. American Journal of Research, 2: 33-70.
Galati, E.M., Trovato, A., Kirjavainen, S., Forestieri, A.M., Rossitto, A. and Monforte, M.T. (1996). Biological effects of hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid. (Note III): antihypertensive and diuretic activity in rat. Farmaco, 51: 219-221.
Goel, K.A., Gupta, K. and Sharma ML (1985). Haematological characteristic of Heteropneustes fossilis under the stress of zinc. Indian Journal of Fishery 32: 186-188.
Joshi, P.K., Bose, M. and Harish, D. (2002). Haematological changes in the blood of Clarias batrachus exposed to mercuric chloride. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring, 12:119–122.
Klimczak, I., Małecka, M., Szlachta, M. and Gliszczyńska-Świgło, A. (2007). Effect of storage on the content of polyphenols, vitamin C and the antioxidant activity of orange juices. Journal of Food Composition Anal, 20: 313-322.
Kondo, S., Tsuda, K., Muto, N. and Ueda, J. (2002). Antioxidative activity of apple skin or flesh extracts associated with fruit development on selected apple cultivars. Science of Horticulture, 96: 177-185.
Max, G. and Paul, B. (1978). Effect of mercury chloride on thyroid function in in the rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 48: 49-55.
Moseley, M., Chen, M. H., Chang, S. K. and Huang, S. W. (2006) “Total and organic mercury concentrations in the white muscles of swordfish (Xiphias gladius ) from the Indian and Atlantic oceans”. Journal of Aquatic toxicology, 124: 62-68.
Nagy, S. (1980) Vitamin C contents of citrus fruit and their products: a review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 28: 8–18.
Nicolosi, E., Deng, Z.N., Gentile, A., La Malfa, S., Continella, G. and Tribulato, E.(2000). Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. Theory of Applied Genetics,100:1155-66.
Nishida, M., Yamamoto, T., Yoshimura, Y. and Kawada J. (1986). Subacute toxicity of methylmercuric chloride and mercuric chloride on mouse thyroid. Journal of Pharmacobiodynamics, 9[4]:331–338.
Oliver, G., Brack, C. and Müller-Spahn, F. (2000). Mercury induces cell cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and increases â-amyloid secretion and tau phosphorylation in SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Journal of Neurochemistry, 74(1), 231–236.
Oluremi, O. I. A., Ojighen, V. O. and Ejembi, E. H. (2006) The nutritive potential of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) in broiler production. International Poultry Science, 5(7): 613 – 617.
Oyanagui, Y. (1984). Reevaluation of assay methods and establishment of kit for superoxide dismutase activity. Anals of Biochemistry, 142: 290-296.
Park, J. D. and Zheng, W. (2012) Human Exposure and Health Effects of Inorganic and Elemental Mercury. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 45(6):344–352.
Rija, Z,. Fatmi, S. S and Carpenter, D. O. (2018). Review Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Mercury’s Effect on Thyroid Gland. International Journal of Thyroid Disorders and Therapy, 1(1):1-6
Ross, S. A., Ziska, D. S., Zhao, K. and Elsohly M. A. (2000) Variance of common flavonoids by brand of grapefruit juice. Fitoterapia, 71: 154–161.
Samuel, F.U., Adamu, S., Bisalla, M., Chiezey, N.P., Mohammed, A.K., Bello and T.K. (2016) Effect of T.congolense on Haematological Parameters in Experimentally Infected donkeys. Journal of Animal Production Research, 28(1):14-24.
Saroch, J.D., Nisar, H., Shrivastav, R., Qureshi, T.A. and Manohar, S. (2012). Haematological studies of mercuric chloride affected freshwater catfish Clarias gariepinus fed with spirulina. Journal of Chemical Biology and Physical Science, 2:1862–1869.
Sikora, E., Ewa, C., Topolska, K.(2008). The sources of natural antioxidants. Acta Science, 7: 5–17.
Silva, A. G., Wanderley, R. C., Pedroso, A. F. and ashbell, A. (1997) Rumen digestion kinetics of citrus peel. Animal Feed Science Technology, 68: 247 – 257.
Sofoworo, E.A. (1995) Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. John Willey and Sons Ltd., Chichester, England 5: 142-145.
Soldin, O. P., O’Mara, D. M. and Aschner, M. (2008) Thyroid Hormones and Methyl mercury Toxicity. Biology of Trace Elements Research, 126(0):1–12.
Souto, P. S. S. (2004). “Recent advances in evaluation of health effects on mercury with special reference to methyl mercury”, Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 25: 594-548.
Stohs, S.T. and Bagchi, D. (1995). Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 18:321-326.
Yang, X.Y., Xie, J.X., Wang, F.F., Zhong, J., Liu, Y.Z., Li, G.H. and Peng, S.A. (2011). Comparison of ascorbate metabolism in fruits of two citrus species with obvious difference in ascorbate content in pulp. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168, 2196– 2205.
Azevedo, B. F., Furieri, L.B., Peçanha, F.M., Wiggers, G.A., Vassallo, P. F. and Simões, M.R. (2012) Toxic Effects of Mercury on the Cardiovascular and Central Nervous Systems. Journal Biomedical Biotechnology, 10: 115-118.
Azra, R., Rafeeq, A.K., Talat, M., Tazeen, M., Mansoor, A. (2014). In vitro/in vivo effect of Citrus limon (L. burm. F.) juice on blood parameters, coagulation and anticoagulation factors in rabbits. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacological Science, 27: 907–915.
Balikci, E., Yildiz , A .and Gürdogan, F. (2003). Blood metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and postpartum in Akkaraman ewes. Small Ruminant Research , 67 (2-3) : 247 – 251.
Bianco, A.C., Salvatore, D., Greben, B., Berry, M.J. and Larsen, P.R. (2002) Biochemistry, cellular, molecular biology and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocrinology Review, 23:38-89.
Bopp, S.K., Abicht, H.K. and Knauer, K. (2008). Copper-induced oxidative stress in rainbow trout gill cells. Aquatic Toxicology, 86:197-204.
Boron, W. F. and Boulpaep, E. (2003) Synthesis of thyroid hormones. Medical physiology: Acellar and molecular approach. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;.Pp. 1300.
Brandăo, R, Borges, L. P., de Oliveira, R., Rocha, J.B. and Nogueira, C. W. (2008). Diphenyl diselenide protects against hematological and immunological alterations induced by mercury in mice. Journal of Biochemical Molecule and Toxicology, 5 (22): 311-319.
Brandăo, R., Borges, L. P. and Nogueira, C. W. (2009). Concomitant administration of sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulphonate (DMPS) and diphenyl diselenide reduces effectiveness of DMPS in restoring damage induced by mercuric chloride in mice. Food Chemical Toxicology, 5:43-50.
Christensen, G.M., McKim, J.M., Brungs, W.A. and Hunt, E.P. (1972). Changes in the blood of the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus Lesuer) following short and long term exposure to copper. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 23:417–427.
Craig, W.J. (1997) Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97: 199– S204.
Crowell, P.L. (1999) Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. The Journal of Nutrition, 1293: 775-778.
Divi, R. L. and Doerge, D. R. (1994). Mechanism-based inactivation of lactoperoxidase and thyroid peroxidase by resorcinol derivatives. Biochemistry, 33, 9668-9674.
Doerge, D. R. and Takazawa, R. S. (1990). Mechanism of thyroid peroxidase inhibition by ethylenethiourea. Chemical Research on Toxicology, 3, 98-101.
Ehler, S.A. (2011). Citrus and its benefits. Journal of Botany 5: 201-207.
Etebu, E. and Nwauzoma, A. B. (2014). A review on sweet orange (Citrus Sinensis Osbeck) Health diseases and management. American Journal of Research, 2: 33-70.
Galati, E.M., Trovato, A., Kirjavainen, S., Forestieri, A.M., Rossitto, A. and Monforte, M.T. (1996). Biological effects of hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid. (Note III): antihypertensive and diuretic activity in rat. Farmaco, 51: 219-221.
Goel, K.A., Gupta, K. and Sharma ML (1985). Haematological characteristic of Heteropneustes fossilis under the stress of zinc. Indian Journal of Fishery 32: 186-188.
Joshi, P.K., Bose, M. and Harish, D. (2002). Haematological changes in the blood of Clarias batrachus exposed to mercuric chloride. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring, 12:119–122.
Klimczak, I., Małecka, M., Szlachta, M. and Gliszczyńska-Świgło, A. (2007). Effect of storage on the content of polyphenols, vitamin C and the antioxidant activity of orange juices. Journal of Food Composition Anal, 20: 313-322.
Kondo, S., Tsuda, K., Muto, N. and Ueda, J. (2002). Antioxidative activity of apple skin or flesh extracts associated with fruit development on selected apple cultivars. Science of Horticulture, 96: 177-185.
Max, G. and Paul, B. (1978). Effect of mercury chloride on thyroid function in in the rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 48: 49-55.
Moseley, M., Chen, M. H., Chang, S. K. and Huang, S. W. (2006) “Total and organic mercury concentrations in the white muscles of swordfish (Xiphias gladius ) from the Indian and Atlantic oceans”. Journal of Aquatic toxicology, 124: 62-68.
Nagy, S. (1980) Vitamin C contents of citrus fruit and their products: a review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 28: 8–18.
Nicolosi, E., Deng, Z.N., Gentile, A., La Malfa, S., Continella, G. and Tribulato, E.(2000). Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers. Theory of Applied Genetics,100:1155-66.
Nishida, M., Yamamoto, T., Yoshimura, Y. and Kawada J. (1986). Subacute toxicity of methylmercuric chloride and mercuric chloride on mouse thyroid. Journal of Pharmacobiodynamics, 9[4]:331–338.
Oliver, G., Brack, C. and Müller-Spahn, F. (2000). Mercury induces cell cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and increases â-amyloid secretion and tau phosphorylation in SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Journal of Neurochemistry, 74(1), 231–236.
Oluremi, O. I. A., Ojighen, V. O. and Ejembi, E. H. (2006) The nutritive potential of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) in broiler production. International Poultry Science, 5(7): 613 – 617.
Oyanagui, Y. (1984). Reevaluation of assay methods and establishment of kit for superoxide dismutase activity. Anals of Biochemistry, 142: 290-296.
Park, J. D. and Zheng, W. (2012) Human Exposure and Health Effects of Inorganic and Elemental Mercury. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 45(6):344–352.
Rija, Z,. Fatmi, S. S and Carpenter, D. O. (2018). Review Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Mercury’s Effect on Thyroid Gland. International Journal of Thyroid Disorders and Therapy, 1(1):1-6
Ross, S. A., Ziska, D. S., Zhao, K. and Elsohly M. A. (2000) Variance of common flavonoids by brand of grapefruit juice. Fitoterapia, 71: 154–161.
Samuel, F.U., Adamu, S., Bisalla, M., Chiezey, N.P., Mohammed, A.K., Bello and T.K. (2016) Effect of T.congolense on Haematological Parameters in Experimentally Infected donkeys. Journal of Animal Production Research, 28(1):14-24.
Saroch, J.D., Nisar, H., Shrivastav, R., Qureshi, T.A. and Manohar, S. (2012). Haematological studies of mercuric chloride affected freshwater catfish Clarias gariepinus fed with spirulina. Journal of Chemical Biology and Physical Science, 2:1862–1869.
Sikora, E., Ewa, C., Topolska, K.(2008). The sources of natural antioxidants. Acta Science, 7: 5–17.
Silva, A. G., Wanderley, R. C., Pedroso, A. F. and ashbell, A. (1997) Rumen digestion kinetics of citrus peel. Animal Feed Science Technology, 68: 247 – 257.
Sofoworo, E.A. (1995) Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. John Willey and Sons Ltd., Chichester, England 5: 142-145.
Soldin, O. P., O’Mara, D. M. and Aschner, M. (2008) Thyroid Hormones and Methyl mercury Toxicity. Biology of Trace Elements Research, 126(0):1–12.
Souto, P. S. S. (2004). “Recent advances in evaluation of health effects on mercury with special reference to methyl mercury”, Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 25: 594-548.
Stohs, S.T. and Bagchi, D. (1995). Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 18:321-326.
Yang, X.Y., Xie, J.X., Wang, F.F., Zhong, J., Liu, Y.Z., Li, G.H. and Peng, S.A. (2011). Comparison of ascorbate metabolism in fruits of two citrus species with obvious difference in ascorbate content in pulp. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168, 2196– 2205.
Published
2020-01-07
How to Cite
Samuel, F.U., Ige, T. A, Erin, J. P., Banwo, O. G., & Mohammed, A. A. (2020). Ameliorative Effect of Methanolic Extract of Orange Peels on Serum Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine and Haematological Parameters in Male Albino Wister Rats Following Mercury Toxicity. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 2(3), 12 - 20. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/37
Section
Articles
