Effect of Different Drinking Water Sources on the Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry, Liver Function and Histopathological Changes of Male Sprague Dawley
Keywords:
Water, Growth performance, Physico-chemical, Liver, Histopathology, Rats
Abstract
Waters from four sources believed to be the major drinking water providers in Ekiti State were evaluated for their effects on the liver function tests and histopathology of an animal model. The waters were subjected to physical, chemical and bacteriological analyses. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats fed normal rat chow were maintained on these sources of water for 28days after which blood samples were obtained for liver function test analyses and histopathology investigation. There results showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in the values of total bacterial count (TBC), total coliform count (TCC), pH and electrical conductivity of the water samples. Significant difference (P<0.05) was also observed in iron, alkalinity and sulphate contents of the water samples. Magnesum, Phosphate and nitrate contents in the water samples were below the detectable level. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in body weight gain, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin and globulin in blood of rats exposed to the water sources. The normal portal vein as well as normal morphology of the hepatocytes and sinusoids indicates that the different water sources didn't have pathogenic effect on their liver except in the Elemi water. The study concluded that bottled and tap water complied with both the World Health Organization and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality recommendations and guidelines. The cheapest and easily accessed water sources pose danger to the health of animal populations in the State.
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References
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Sharma, S.and Bhattacharya, A. (2017). Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Appl Water Sci 7:1043–1067 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0455-7
Sunjaya, D. B., Ramos, G. P., Braga Neto, M. B., Lennon, R., Mounajjed, T., Shah, V., Kamath, P. S. and Simonetto, D. A. (2018). Isolated hepatic non-obstructive sinusoidal dilatation, 20-year single center experience. World Journal of hepatology, 10(5):417–424. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v10.i5.417
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supplementation significantly reduces thyroid autoantibody levels in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Thyroid 26(12):1681-1692.
WHO (2007). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Third Edition Incorporating the First and Second Addenda Volume 1 Recommendations:123–567, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO, 2017). Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000–2017; Special Focus on Inequalities; WHO: New York, NY, USA, 2019; Availableonline: https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/201907/jmp-2019-wash-households.pdf (accessed on 3 February 2020).Water. (2020). https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/21513
APHA, (1992). Standard Method for Examination of Dairy Products. 14th Edn., Ameri Borghi, J.S., Silva, M. J., Barr, D. B., Brock, J. W., Ryan, L. and Chen, Z. (2003). Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters. Epidemiology: 14:269–277.
Chen, S., Xue, X., Hong, Y., Limaye, A. S., Gourley, J. J., Huffman, G. J.and Khan, S. I., (2013). Statistical and hydrological evaluation of TRMM-based Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis over the Wangchu Basin of Bhutan: Are the latest satellite precipitation products 3B42V7 ready for use in ungauged basins? Journal of Hydrology, 499:91-99.
Dinka, M.O. (2018). Safe Drinking Water: Concepts, Benefits, Principles and Standards. In: Glavan, M., Ed., Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World, IntechOpen, London, 163-181.https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71352
Duty, S.M., Silva, M.J., Barr, D.B., Brock, J.W., Ryan, L., Chen Z. Herrick, R.F., Christiani, D.C. and Hauser, R. (2003). Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters. Epidemiology. 14:269–77. PMID:12859026
Edema, M.O. and Atayese, A.O. (2006). Bacteriological quality of cracked egg sold for consumption in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Int. J. Poultry Sci., 5: 772-775.
Fiandanese, N., Borromeo, V., Berrini, A., Fischer, B., Schaedlich, K., Schmidt, J., Secchi, and Paola Pocar, C. (2016). Maternal exposure to a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) causes reproductive dysfunction in adult male mouse offspring, Reproductive Toxicology 65:123-132. ISSN0890-6238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.004.
Han, P., Zhou, X.H., Chang, N., Xiao, C.L., Yan, S., Ren, H., Yang, X.Z., Zhang, M.L., Wu, Q., Tang, B., Diao, J.P., Zhu, X., Zhang, C., Li, C.Y., Cheng, H. and Xiong, J.W. (2014). Hydrogen peroxide primes heart regeneration with a depression mechanism. Cell Research. 24(9):1091-107.
Hauser, R., Meeker, J. D., Duty, S., Silva, M. J. and Calafat, A. M. (2006). Altered semen quality in relation to urinary concentrations of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Epidemiology. 17:682–91.
Inyinbor, A. A., Adebesin, A. O., Abimbola, Oluyori, P. A., Adelani- Akanbi, T. A., Dada, A. O., D. and Oreofe, T. A. (2018). Water Pollution: Effects, Prevention, and Climatic Impact. In (Ed.), Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72018
Kalra, A., Yetiskul, E., Wehrle C.J. and Faiz Tuma (2021). Physiology, Liver. [Updated 2021]. In:StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing;
Katsikantami, I., Sifakis, S., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Vakonaki, E., Kalantzi, O. I., Tsatsakis, A.M. and Rizos, A. K. (2016). A global assessment of phthalates burden and related links to health effects. EnvironmentInternational 97:212–236.
Lichtman M. D., Keku J., Clark R. A., Schwab J. H. and Sarter R. B. (1991). Biliary tract disease in rats with experimental small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Hepatoxy 13: 766–772.
Liu, L., Wang, H., Tian, M., Zhang, J., Panuwet, P. and D’Souza, P. E. (2017). Phthalate metabolites related to infertile biomarkers and infertility in Chinese men. Environ Pollut, 231:291–300.
Megersa, O. D. (2018). Safe Drinking Water: Concepts, Benefits, Principles and Standards. In(Ed.), Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World. Intech Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71352
Musa, H., Yakasai, I.A. and Musa, H.H. (2014). Determination of Lead concentration in well and borehole water, in Zaria, Nigeria. Chem. Class J., 1:14-18.
Ndinwa, G. C. C., Peretomode, M. and Asiagbe, T. (2014). Distribution of Trace Metals in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Species from Ubeji Creek, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Life Science and Technology 1(1):16-24.
Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality, NSDWQ (2007). Nigerian Industrial Standard Price group D Standards Organisation of Nigeria: 1-30.
Ojo, S.O. (2015). Promoting aquatic tourism potentials of Nigerian Parks: a case study of Old Oyo National Park. African Journal of Livestock Extension. 4:62-66
Opara, A. U. and Nnodim, J. (2014). Prevalence of Bacteria in bottled and sachet water sold in Owerri metropolis. International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries 4:117-122.
Opafola, O. T., Oladepo, K. T., Ajibade, F. O. and Adekunle, O.D. (2020). Portability
assessment of packaged sachet water sold within a tertiary institution in southwestern Nigeria. Journal of King Saud University – Science32(3):1999-2004. ISSN 1018-3647 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.02.004.
Orisakwe, O. E., Igwilo, I. O., Afonne, O. J., Maduabuchi, J. M. U., Obi, E. and Nduka, J. C. (2016). Heavy metal hazards of sachet water in Nigeria. Archives of environmental & occupational health 61(5):209-213.
Shall, M. P. and Maspalma, A. J. (2019). Haematological and biochemical indices of albino rats fed processed sickle pod (Senna obtusifolia) seed based-diets. Discovery 55(281):167–172.
Sharma, S.and Bhattacharya, A. (2017). Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Appl Water Sci 7:1043–1067 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0455-7
Sunjaya, D. B., Ramos, G. P., Braga Neto, M. B., Lennon, R., Mounajjed, T., Shah, V., Kamath, P. S. and Simonetto, D. A. (2018). Isolated hepatic non-obstructive sinusoidal dilatation, 20-year single center experience. World Journal of hepatology, 10(5):417–424. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v10.i5.417
Taiwo, A. M., Olujimi, O. O., Bamgbose, O., and Arowolo, T. A. (2012). Surface water quality monitoring in Nigeria: Situational analysis and future management strategy. Water quality monitoring and assessment, 13:301-320.
Wichman, J., Winther, K. H., Bonnema, S. J.and Hegedüs, L. (2016). Selenium
supplementation significantly reduces thyroid autoantibody levels in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Thyroid 26(12):1681-1692.
WHO (2007). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Third Edition Incorporating the First and Second Addenda Volume 1 Recommendations:123–567, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO, 2017). Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000–2017; Special Focus on Inequalities; WHO: New York, NY, USA, 2019; Availableonline: https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/201907/jmp-2019-wash-households.pdf (accessed on 3 February 2020).Water. (2020). https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/21513
Published
2024-12-07
How to Cite
Sodipe, O. G., Popoopla G. O., Fasanmi, O. M., Adedapo D. E., Olorunfemi F. E., Adeboye, M. O., Ebenso, I. E., & Gazal, O. S. (2024). Effect of Different Drinking Water Sources on the Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry, Liver Function and Histopathological Changes of Male Sprague Dawley . Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 7(2), 109 - 126. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/350
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