Effect of Energy Level on Milk Yield and Composition of Red Sokoto Goats
Keywords:
Lactating, Energy, RSD, Milk
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of energy levels on Red Sokoto Goat milk yield and composition. A total of twenty (20) yearling Red Sokoto Does (RSD) which were estrus synchronized and impregnated using a buck, kindled at approximately the same time with ± 2 days differences between and within treatment groups. The animals were divided into four dietary energy treatment groups of five (5) animals each with four graded energy levels of 2,400, 2,200, 2,000 and 1,800 kcal/kg M.E in a completely randomized design (CRD). Duncan’s Multiple Range Tests (DMRT) was used to separate means among the treatments. Results obtained revealed that the proximate composition of the experimental diets were within the dietary recommendation for lactating goats. The result of milk yield was not statistically (P>0.05) different with decrease in energy levels. The chemical compositions of lactating RSD were greatly influenced (P<0.05) by energy levels. Milk fat, protein, acidity and titerable acidity percentages and milk specific gravity (g) were all significantly (P<0.05) higher with higher energy levels. However, the result of mineral profile of milk from RSD did not follow a regular pattern in relation to the energy changes, although, significant (P<0.05) differences in sodium, calcium, zinc, iron, copper and phosphorus (mg/kg) were recorded. It can be concluded therefore, that increased energy levels in the diets of lactating RSD to 2,200kcal/kg ME will increase milk yield up to 438 ml/day and considerable changes in both their physico-chemical and mineral profile. It is however recommended that 2,200 Kcal/kg ME energy be fed to the lactating RSD under the same condition.
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References
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KTARDA (2001). Katsina Agricultural and Rural Development Authority. Meteorological Station Reports, Temperature Records and Management Unit No 11:1-3.
Makun, H. J., Ajanusi, J. O., Ehoche, O. W., Lakpini C. A. M. and Otaru, S. M. (2008). Effect of Stage of Lactation on Milk Yield and Composition of First Kidder Damascus Does in the Sudan. Journal of Animal Production Advances. 4(3): 355-362
Mehaia, M. A., and Al–Kahnal, M. A., (1989). Camel feeding preferences, requirements and nutrition. Journal of Nutrition and Reproduction International, 39: 351.
Nabag, M. G., Alatti, I., Khadiga, A. El-Zubeir, A. and Ibtisam E.M. (2006). Milk Composition of camels and Goats Grazing in the Extensive pasture of Butana Area in Sudan. The international Scientific Conference on Camels 9-11 May 2006 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Higher Education, Qassim University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. P. 2176–2186.
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Okunola, D. O., Olorunnisomo, O. A., Aderinola, O. A..Nuga, H. A. and Balogun, N. O. (2015). Milk Yield and Composition of Red Sokoto Goat Fed Varying Level of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Pulp and Seed Meal. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 5(13): 186-191.
Ozung, P.O., Nsa, E.E., Ebegbulem, V.N. and Ubuah, J.A. (2011). Small ruminant production in Cross River rainforest zone of Nigeria. AReview. Continental Journal of Animal and Veterinary Research, 3(1):33-37.
Riyadh, S. A., Faris, F. A., Elsyed, I., Mohammed, A. A. Ahmad, S., and Moez, A. (2012). Effects of production system, breed, parity, and stage of lactation on milk composition of dromedary camels of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advancement, 11: 141–147.
Sahlu T. and A. Goetsch. (1998). Feeding the Pregnant and Milking Doe. Pp 4-20 in Proceedings 13th Anual. Goat Field Day, Langston University, Langston, OK.
Taha, N. and El-Leboudy, A. (1991). Study on the distribution pattern of protein amino-acids in milk of some dairy animals. Zagazig Veterinary Journal, 19(3): 691–8.
Yagil, R. (1982). Camel and Camel Milk. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 26. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92–5–01169–9. ISSN 0254–6019.
Zia Ur Rahman, Straten, M. V. and Hag. I. V. (1994). Blood biochemical and hormonal profiles and milk composition of low and high yielding camels. In Proc. Chameauxe Dromadaries, Animaux laitiers. Conf. Nouakchtt, Mauritanie.
Abu–Taraboush, H. M., Al-Dagal, M. M., and Al-Royli, M. A. (1998). Growth, viability, and proteolytic activity of Bifidobacteria in goat milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 81: 354–361.
Acero-Camelo, A., Valencia, E., Rodriguez, A. and Randel, P.F. (2008). Effects of flushing with two energy levels on goat reproductive performance. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20 (9): 1-9
Ahamefule, F. O., Odilinye, O. and E. N. Nwachkwu (2012). Milk yield and Composition of Red Sokoto and Weaner Dwarf Does Raised Intensively in a Hot Humid Enviroment. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 2(2) Pp.143-149
Ahmad, M. Y. (2017). Nutritional Evaluation of Cereal and Legume Crop Residues on Milk Yield and growth Performance of red Sokoto Does. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Animal Science, Bayero University Kano
Akpa, G. N., Asiribo, O. E., Oni, O. O., Alawa, P., Dim, N. L., Osinowo, O.A. and Abubakar B. Y. (2002). Milk Production by Agro pastoralist Red Sokoto Goats in Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health Production, 34: 525-539.
Al–Attas, A. S. (2008). Determination of essential elements in milk and urine of camel and in Nigella sativa seeds. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 1: 123–129.
Al–Awadi, M. and Srikumar, A. (2001). Evaluation of Camel’s Potentials: The Milk, Meat and Drought. International Journal Agric Business and Research, 21: 103–109.
Al–Haj, O. A. and Al–Kanhal, H. A. (2010). Compositional, Technological and Nutritional Aspect of Dromedary Camel Milk. A Review. International Dairy Journal, 10: 10–16.
AOAC, (2000). Association of Analytical Chemist. Official Methods of Analysis, (17th ed). Vol. I Arlington, Virginia, USA.
Bayoumi, S. (1990). Studies on composition and rennet coagulation of camel milk. Kieler Milchwirtschaftliche Forschungsberichte, 42: 3–8.
Brazel, R., Margoulis, M., Shabo, M. Y. and Yagil, R. (2013). “Camel Milk for Food Allergies in Children,” Immunolology and Allergy, Vol. 7, No. 12, 2013, pp. 796–798. Britain. Pp 302
Dafur, B.S., Mbap, S.T., Tok, C.C. and Okoh, J.J. (2020). Breed and environmental factors influencing prevalence of helminths in sheep. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(5):13-28.
Dell’Orto, V., Cattaneo, D., Beretta, E., Baldi, A. and Savoini, G. (2001). Effect of trace element supplementation on milk yield and composition in one humped camel. International Dairy Journal, 10: 873–879.
El–Agamy, E. I. (2007). The challenge of camel cow (Camelus dromedarius) milk protein allergy. Small Ruminant Research, 68: 64–72.
FAO (2019). FAOSTAT data. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (www.fao.org/faostat/en/data/QA).
FAO, (2006). Food and Agriculture Organization. Statistical record book. Rome, Italy. FAOSTAT, United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization
Gaddafi, S., Garba, M.G., Ajibola, O.O., Alkali, M.M. and Dabai, M.I. (2019). A Photo- Essay on pasture establishment at Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State. Proceedings at the 3rd Biennial Conference of the Society for Grassland and Development in Nigeria Held at the National Animal Production Research Institute, A.B.U-Shika, Zaria, 3rd-6th Nov., 2019. Pp 44-49.
Garba, M.G., Maigandi, S.A. and Gaddafi, S. (2021). Effect of energy graded levels on live weight and nutrient digestibility of pregnant red Sokoto goat. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 23(2):269-277.
Hassan W.A (2000). Biological productivity of sheep and goats under agro- pastoral systems in Zamfara Reserve, north-west Nigeria. Ph.D.Thesis, Justus-Lie big University, Giessen, Germany.
Hassan, R., Zubeir, A., El-Ibtisam, E. M. and Babiker, S. A. (2011). Chemical and microbial measurements of fermented camel milk ‘‘Gariss’’ from transhumance and nomadic herds in Sudan. Australia Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 2: 800–804.
Hosseini, S.M., Akbary, S.M., Maheri-Sis, N., Aghsaghali, A.M. 2008. Effect of different energy levels of diet on feed efficiency, growth rate and carcass characteristics of fattening Bahmaei Lambs. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7:1551-1554.
Khan B. B. and Al–Bukhari, M. (2004). Production and management of camels T. M. Printers, Al-Rahman Plaza, Aminpur Bazar, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 121p.
Khan, A., Dhuan, M., Al–Abd, B. and Farhan, D. M. (2011). Milk Production from Dromedary under different Milking Regimes. Journal of Dairy Science and Research, 10: 121–125.
Konuspayeva, G., Faye, B., Loiseau, G., Ivashehenko, A., Meldebkova, A. and Davletov, S. (2009a). Physiological Change in Camel Milk Composition. 1 – Effect of Lactation Stage. Journal of Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42: 495–499.
KTARDA (2001). Katsina Agricultural and Rural Development Authority. Meteorological Station Reports, Temperature Records and Management Unit No 11:1-3.
Makun, H. J., Ajanusi, J. O., Ehoche, O. W., Lakpini C. A. M. and Otaru, S. M. (2008). Effect of Stage of Lactation on Milk Yield and Composition of First Kidder Damascus Does in the Sudan. Journal of Animal Production Advances. 4(3): 355-362
Mehaia, M. A., and Al–Kahnal, M. A., (1989). Camel feeding preferences, requirements and nutrition. Journal of Nutrition and Reproduction International, 39: 351.
Nabag, M. G., Alatti, I., Khadiga, A. El-Zubeir, A. and Ibtisam E.M. (2006). Milk Composition of camels and Goats Grazing in the Extensive pasture of Butana Area in Sudan. The international Scientific Conference on Camels 9-11 May 2006 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Higher Education, Qassim University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. P. 2176–2186.
National Research Council (NRC), 1981. Nutrient requirements of goats: Angora, dairy and meats goats in temperate and tropical countries. National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
Okunola, D. O., Olorunnisomo, O. A., Aderinola, O. A..Nuga, H. A. and Balogun, N. O. (2015). Milk Yield and Composition of Red Sokoto Goat Fed Varying Level of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Pulp and Seed Meal. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 5(13): 186-191.
Ozung, P.O., Nsa, E.E., Ebegbulem, V.N. and Ubuah, J.A. (2011). Small ruminant production in Cross River rainforest zone of Nigeria. AReview. Continental Journal of Animal and Veterinary Research, 3(1):33-37.
Riyadh, S. A., Faris, F. A., Elsyed, I., Mohammed, A. A. Ahmad, S., and Moez, A. (2012). Effects of production system, breed, parity, and stage of lactation on milk composition of dromedary camels of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advancement, 11: 141–147.
Sahlu T. and A. Goetsch. (1998). Feeding the Pregnant and Milking Doe. Pp 4-20 in Proceedings 13th Anual. Goat Field Day, Langston University, Langston, OK.
Taha, N. and El-Leboudy, A. (1991). Study on the distribution pattern of protein amino-acids in milk of some dairy animals. Zagazig Veterinary Journal, 19(3): 691–8.
Yagil, R. (1982). Camel and Camel Milk. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 26. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92–5–01169–9. ISSN 0254–6019.
Zia Ur Rahman, Straten, M. V. and Hag. I. V. (1994). Blood biochemical and hormonal profiles and milk composition of low and high yielding camels. In Proc. Chameauxe Dromadaries, Animaux laitiers. Conf. Nouakchtt, Mauritanie.
Published
2024-04-20
How to Cite
Garba, M. G., Salisu, U.S., Sanusi, A.Z., & Gaddafi, S. (2024). Effect of Energy Level on Milk Yield and Composition of Red Sokoto Goats . Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 6(4), 82 - 91. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/298
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