A Review of the Safety and Food Quality Implications of Utilizing Maggot Meal in Poultry Diets
Keywords:
Review, Safety and quality implication, Maggot meal, Poultry Diet
Abstract
The utilization of maggot meal as a sustainable protein source in poultry diets has gained attention in recent years. Ensuring the safety and quality of poultry products when incorporating maggot meal is crucial. Safety considerations encompass the prevention of the transfer of contaminants from substrate or rearing environment into the final poultry products. Regulatory and consumer perspectives to the use of maggot meal in poultry production should also be considered. They include an overview of relevant regulations, guidelines, and labeling requirements. Consumer perceptions, acceptance, and potential barriers to the adoption of maggot meal-based poultry products are also important considerations to its utilization. Emphasis on the significance of addressing safety concerns and conducting thorough quality assessments when incorporating maggot meal in poultry diets are discussed in this review. By understanding and mitigating potential risks, the safe and high-quality production of poultry products can be guaranteed to support the sustainable utilization of maggot meal in the poultry industry. This literature review aims to comprehensively address safety concerns and assess the impact of maggot meal inclusion in poultry diets on the quality and safety of poultry products.
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References
Al-Qazzaz, M. F. A., Ismail, D., Akit, H. and Idris, L. H. (2016). Effect of using insect larvae meal as a complete protein source on quality and productivity characteristics of laying hens. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 45(9): 518-523.
Atteh, J. and Adeyoyin, D. (2021). Effects of replacing dietary fishmeal with maggots on performance and nutrient retention of laying hens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 20:50-55. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v20i.2101
Barragan-Fonseca, K. B., Dicke, M., van Loon, J. J. A., and van Huis, A. (2017). Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed - a review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 3(2): 105-120.
Bosch, G., van der Fels-Klerx, H. J., and Rijk, T. C. (2019). Insects as sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets – a feasibility study. Wageningen Livestock Research Report, 1174.
Brown, C. D., and Thompson, G. A. (2019). Contaminant levels in maggot meal and their implications for poultry health and food safety. Journal of Animal Science, 68(4): 315-332.
Bryant, C. and Barnett, J. (2019). Consumer Acceptance of Insects as Food and Feed: A Review. European Food Research and Technology, 245(5): 1037-1050.
Calvo-Flores, L.D, Garino, C., Moreno, F. J. and Broll, H. (2022). Insects in food and their relevance regarding allergenicity assessment. EFSA Journal, 20(2):15-21. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200909
Elhassan, M., Wendin, K., Olsson, V. and Langton, M. (2019). Quality aspects of insects as food-nutritional, sensory, and related concepts. Foods, 8(3): 1-14.
Finke, M. D. (2013). Complete nutrient content of four species of feeder insects. Zoo Biology, 32 (1): 1–9.
Gasco, L., Henry, M., Piccolo, G., Marono, S., Gai, F., Renna, M., Lussiana, C., Antonopoulou, E., Mola, P. and Chatzifotis, S. (2016). Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus as novel sources of protein in broiler diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 209: 1-13.
Hwangbo, J., Hong, E. C., Jang, A., Kang, H. K., Oh, J. S., Kim, B. W., Park, B. S. (2009). Utilization of house fly maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(4): 609-614.
Johnson, T. R., Smith, K. F., Hekman, J. M., Weber, P. S., Barnhill, A. A., Daugherty, C. M. and Johnson, A. K. (2018). Consumer willingness to pay for attributes of cultured meat: Insights from a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5: 114-120.
Józefiak, D., Josefiak, A., Kierończyk, B., Rawski, M., Świątkiewicz, S., Długosz, J. and Engberg, R. M. (2016). Insects—A Natural Nutrient Source for Poultry—A Review. Annals of Animal Science, 16(2): 297-313.
Khan, M., Chand, N., Khan, S., Naz, S., Alrefaei, A. F., Almutairi, M. H., Sifa, D. and Khan, R. U. (2023). Partial and total replacement of soybean meal with maggot larvae meal in broiler chicken diets: Impact on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, haematological parameters and intestinal histomorphology. Livestock Science, 277:105-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105355.
Klunder, H. C., Wolkers-Rooijackers, J. and Korpela, J. M. et al. (2012) Microbiological aspects of processing and storage of edible insects. Food Control, 26: 628–631.
Lalander, C.H., J. Fidjeland, S. Diener, S. Eriksson, B. Vinnerås, (2015). High waste-to-biomass conversion and efficient Salmonella spp. reduction using black soldier fly for waste recycling. Agron. Sust. Dev. 35, 261-271.
Li, S., Ji, H., Zhang, B., Zhou, J. and Yu, H. (2017). Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diets for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, digestive enzyme activities, intestine and hepatopancreas histological structure. Aquaculture, 477: 62-70.
Li, B., Zeng, Q., Song, Y., Gao, Z., Jiang, L., Ma, H. and He, J. (2019). The effect of fly maggot in pig feeding diets on growth performance and gut microbial balance in Ningxiang pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13248
Makkar, H. P. S., Tran, G. and Heuzé, V. (2014). State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197: 1-33.
Makkar, H. P. S., Tran, G., Heuzé, V. and Ankers, P. (2016). State-of-the-Art on Use of Insects as Animal Feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 225: 12-26.
Malematja, E., Manyelo, T. G., Sebola, N. A., Kolobe, S. D. and Mabelebele, M. (2023). The accumulation of heavy metals in feeder insects and their impact on animal production. Science of the Total Environment, 885, 163716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163716
Meneguz, M., Schiavone, A., Gai, F., Dama, A., Lussiana, C., Renna, M., Malfatto, V., Rotolo, L., Brugiapaglia, A. and De Marco, M. (2018). Effects of Partial Inclusion of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Meal on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry, and Intestinal Morphometry of Broiler Chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(2): 442-450.
Oonincx, D. G. A. B., van Itterbeeck, J., Heetkamp, M. J. W., van den Brand, H., van Loon, J. J. A., van Huis, A. and van Boekel, M. A. J. S. (2010). An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PloS One, 5(12): 14-25.
Oonincx, D. G. A. B., van Broekhoven, S., van Huis, A., van Loon, J. J. A. and van Boekel, M. A. J. S. (2015). Feed Conversion, Survival and Development, and Composition of Four Insect Species on Diets Composed of Food By-Products. PLoS ONE, 10(12):14-26.
Pieterse, E., Pretorius, Q. and Drew, D. (2013). The carcass, meat quality, and sensory characteristics of broilers raised on diets containing either Musca domestica larvae meal, fish meal, or soya bean meal as the main protein source. Animal Production Science, 54. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13073
Ramos-Elorduy, J., González. E.A., Hernández, A.R., Pino, J.M. (2002). Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. J. Econ. Ent. 95:214–220.
Renna, M., Schiavone, A., Gai, F., Dabbou, S., Lussiana, C., Malfatto, V., De Marco, M. and Brugiapaglia, A. (2017). Evaluation of the Nutritional and Metabolic Profile of Edible Insects for Broiler Feeding. Journal of Animal Science, 95(7): 322-338.
Sealey, W. M., Elizabeth, H. B. and Ryan, A. D. (2020). Effects of insect protein inclusion in poultry diets on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and gut health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Animal Science, 98(10): 3-10.
Secci, G., Schiavone, A., Lussiana, C., Petracci, M., Cavani, C., Dabbou, S., Renna, M. and Zotte, A. D. (2020). Nutritional Value and Technological Suitability of Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) for Chicken Broiler Production. Animals, 10(10): 18-29.
Schluter, O., Rumpold, B., Holzhauser, T., Roth, A., Vogel, R.F., Quasigroch, W., Vogel, S., Heinz, V., Jager, H., Bandick, N., Kulling, A., Knorr, D., Steinberg, P. and Engel, K. H. (2017). Safety aspects of the production of foods and food ingredients from insects. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 61:1600520.
Smith, K. F., Johnson, T. R., Hekman, J. M., Barnhill, A. A., Daugherty, C. M., Weber, P. S. and Johnson, A. K. (2020). Consumer acceptance of alternative proteins: A systematic review. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 100: 234-245.
Spranghers, T., Ottoboni, M., Klootwijk, C., Ovyn, A., Deboosere, S., De Meulenaer, B., Michiels, J., Eeckhout, M., De Clercq, P. and De Smet, S. (2017). Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates J. Sci. Food Agric., 97: 2594-2600.
St-Hilaire S., Sheppard C., Tomberlin J.K., Irving S., Newton L., McGuire M.A., Mosley E.E., Hardy R.W., Sealey W. (2007). Fly Prepupae as a Feedstuff for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 38, 59-67.
van Broekhoven S., Oonincx D.G.A.B, Van Huis A., Van Loon J.J.A. (2015). Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible 4 mealworm species (Coleoptera Tene-brionidae) on diets composed of 5 organic by-products. Journal of Insect Physiology, 73: 1–10.
van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G. and Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
van Huis, A. and Oonincx, D. G. A. B. (2017). The Environmental Sustainability of Insects as Food and Feed. A Review. Agriculture and Food Security, 6(1), 1-15.
Verbeke, W., Spranghers, T., De Clercq, P. and De Smet, S. (2015). Insects in Animal Feed: Acceptance and Legal Aspects. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 1(4), 284-292.
Atteh, J. and Adeyoyin, D. (2021). Effects of replacing dietary fishmeal with maggots on performance and nutrient retention of laying hens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 20:50-55. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v20i.2101
Barragan-Fonseca, K. B., Dicke, M., van Loon, J. J. A., and van Huis, A. (2017). Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed - a review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 3(2): 105-120.
Bosch, G., van der Fels-Klerx, H. J., and Rijk, T. C. (2019). Insects as sustainable feed ingredient in pig and poultry diets – a feasibility study. Wageningen Livestock Research Report, 1174.
Brown, C. D., and Thompson, G. A. (2019). Contaminant levels in maggot meal and their implications for poultry health and food safety. Journal of Animal Science, 68(4): 315-332.
Bryant, C. and Barnett, J. (2019). Consumer Acceptance of Insects as Food and Feed: A Review. European Food Research and Technology, 245(5): 1037-1050.
Calvo-Flores, L.D, Garino, C., Moreno, F. J. and Broll, H. (2022). Insects in food and their relevance regarding allergenicity assessment. EFSA Journal, 20(2):15-21. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200909
Elhassan, M., Wendin, K., Olsson, V. and Langton, M. (2019). Quality aspects of insects as food-nutritional, sensory, and related concepts. Foods, 8(3): 1-14.
Finke, M. D. (2013). Complete nutrient content of four species of feeder insects. Zoo Biology, 32 (1): 1–9.
Gasco, L., Henry, M., Piccolo, G., Marono, S., Gai, F., Renna, M., Lussiana, C., Antonopoulou, E., Mola, P. and Chatzifotis, S. (2016). Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus as novel sources of protein in broiler diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 209: 1-13.
Hwangbo, J., Hong, E. C., Jang, A., Kang, H. K., Oh, J. S., Kim, B. W., Park, B. S. (2009). Utilization of house fly maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(4): 609-614.
Johnson, T. R., Smith, K. F., Hekman, J. M., Weber, P. S., Barnhill, A. A., Daugherty, C. M. and Johnson, A. K. (2018). Consumer willingness to pay for attributes of cultured meat: Insights from a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5: 114-120.
Józefiak, D., Josefiak, A., Kierończyk, B., Rawski, M., Świątkiewicz, S., Długosz, J. and Engberg, R. M. (2016). Insects—A Natural Nutrient Source for Poultry—A Review. Annals of Animal Science, 16(2): 297-313.
Khan, M., Chand, N., Khan, S., Naz, S., Alrefaei, A. F., Almutairi, M. H., Sifa, D. and Khan, R. U. (2023). Partial and total replacement of soybean meal with maggot larvae meal in broiler chicken diets: Impact on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, haematological parameters and intestinal histomorphology. Livestock Science, 277:105-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105355.
Klunder, H. C., Wolkers-Rooijackers, J. and Korpela, J. M. et al. (2012) Microbiological aspects of processing and storage of edible insects. Food Control, 26: 628–631.
Lalander, C.H., J. Fidjeland, S. Diener, S. Eriksson, B. Vinnerås, (2015). High waste-to-biomass conversion and efficient Salmonella spp. reduction using black soldier fly for waste recycling. Agron. Sust. Dev. 35, 261-271.
Li, S., Ji, H., Zhang, B., Zhou, J. and Yu, H. (2017). Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diets for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, digestive enzyme activities, intestine and hepatopancreas histological structure. Aquaculture, 477: 62-70.
Li, B., Zeng, Q., Song, Y., Gao, Z., Jiang, L., Ma, H. and He, J. (2019). The effect of fly maggot in pig feeding diets on growth performance and gut microbial balance in Ningxiang pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13248
Makkar, H. P. S., Tran, G. and Heuzé, V. (2014). State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197: 1-33.
Makkar, H. P. S., Tran, G., Heuzé, V. and Ankers, P. (2016). State-of-the-Art on Use of Insects as Animal Feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 225: 12-26.
Malematja, E., Manyelo, T. G., Sebola, N. A., Kolobe, S. D. and Mabelebele, M. (2023). The accumulation of heavy metals in feeder insects and their impact on animal production. Science of the Total Environment, 885, 163716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163716
Meneguz, M., Schiavone, A., Gai, F., Dama, A., Lussiana, C., Renna, M., Malfatto, V., Rotolo, L., Brugiapaglia, A. and De Marco, M. (2018). Effects of Partial Inclusion of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Meal on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry, and Intestinal Morphometry of Broiler Chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17(2): 442-450.
Oonincx, D. G. A. B., van Itterbeeck, J., Heetkamp, M. J. W., van den Brand, H., van Loon, J. J. A., van Huis, A. and van Boekel, M. A. J. S. (2010). An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PloS One, 5(12): 14-25.
Oonincx, D. G. A. B., van Broekhoven, S., van Huis, A., van Loon, J. J. A. and van Boekel, M. A. J. S. (2015). Feed Conversion, Survival and Development, and Composition of Four Insect Species on Diets Composed of Food By-Products. PLoS ONE, 10(12):14-26.
Pieterse, E., Pretorius, Q. and Drew, D. (2013). The carcass, meat quality, and sensory characteristics of broilers raised on diets containing either Musca domestica larvae meal, fish meal, or soya bean meal as the main protein source. Animal Production Science, 54. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13073
Ramos-Elorduy, J., González. E.A., Hernández, A.R., Pino, J.M. (2002). Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. J. Econ. Ent. 95:214–220.
Renna, M., Schiavone, A., Gai, F., Dabbou, S., Lussiana, C., Malfatto, V., De Marco, M. and Brugiapaglia, A. (2017). Evaluation of the Nutritional and Metabolic Profile of Edible Insects for Broiler Feeding. Journal of Animal Science, 95(7): 322-338.
Sealey, W. M., Elizabeth, H. B. and Ryan, A. D. (2020). Effects of insect protein inclusion in poultry diets on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and gut health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Animal Science, 98(10): 3-10.
Secci, G., Schiavone, A., Lussiana, C., Petracci, M., Cavani, C., Dabbou, S., Renna, M. and Zotte, A. D. (2020). Nutritional Value and Technological Suitability of Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) for Chicken Broiler Production. Animals, 10(10): 18-29.
Schluter, O., Rumpold, B., Holzhauser, T., Roth, A., Vogel, R.F., Quasigroch, W., Vogel, S., Heinz, V., Jager, H., Bandick, N., Kulling, A., Knorr, D., Steinberg, P. and Engel, K. H. (2017). Safety aspects of the production of foods and food ingredients from insects. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 61:1600520.
Smith, K. F., Johnson, T. R., Hekman, J. M., Barnhill, A. A., Daugherty, C. M., Weber, P. S. and Johnson, A. K. (2020). Consumer acceptance of alternative proteins: A systematic review. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 100: 234-245.
Spranghers, T., Ottoboni, M., Klootwijk, C., Ovyn, A., Deboosere, S., De Meulenaer, B., Michiels, J., Eeckhout, M., De Clercq, P. and De Smet, S. (2017). Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates J. Sci. Food Agric., 97: 2594-2600.
St-Hilaire S., Sheppard C., Tomberlin J.K., Irving S., Newton L., McGuire M.A., Mosley E.E., Hardy R.W., Sealey W. (2007). Fly Prepupae as a Feedstuff for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 38, 59-67.
van Broekhoven S., Oonincx D.G.A.B, Van Huis A., Van Loon J.J.A. (2015). Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible 4 mealworm species (Coleoptera Tene-brionidae) on diets composed of 5 organic by-products. Journal of Insect Physiology, 73: 1–10.
van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G. and Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
van Huis, A. and Oonincx, D. G. A. B. (2017). The Environmental Sustainability of Insects as Food and Feed. A Review. Agriculture and Food Security, 6(1), 1-15.
Verbeke, W., Spranghers, T., De Clercq, P. and De Smet, S. (2015). Insects in Animal Feed: Acceptance and Legal Aspects. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 1(4), 284-292.
Published
2024-04-19
How to Cite
Idachaba, C. U., Abdullahi, I., Adeniyi, A. K., & Kurdor, P.N. (2024). A Review of the Safety and Food Quality Implications of Utilizing Maggot Meal in Poultry Diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 6(4), 18 -28. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/284
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