Growth Performance and Cost Benefit of Feeding Brachiaria Mulato II Base Total Mixed Ration at Different Percent Body Weight to Growing Yankasa Rams
Keywords:
Brachiaria, Yankasa, Growth, Cost, Mixed ration
Abstract
Twenty (20) healthy growing Yankasa rams with a mean initial live weight of 20-21kg±0.5kg were used for 120 days feeding trials to determine the growth performance and cost benefit of feeding Brachiaria Mulato II based total mixed ration. The animals were grouped into four with five animals and randomly allocated to four treatments in a completely Randomized Design animals were fed the experimental diet at 2.5,3.0,3.5 and 4% body weight. Feed intake (105.28Kkg), Daily feed intake (877.29g/day), Average daily gain (84.17g/day), and feed conversion ratio (10.42) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in animals’ fed at 4% body weight and showed a decline across the treatments as the percent body weight decreased. Feed conversion ratio (10.42) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in animals fed at 4% body weight, it was concluded that feeding Brachiaria Mulato II based total mixed ration at 4% body weight increased weight gain by 44.49% and valued at ₦ 31,600, intake by 31.40% and better feed conversion ratio (10.40). Livestock farmers are encouraged to feed Brachiaria Mulato II based total mixed ration at 60:40 ratio for improved intake, reduce feed selection, minimum feed wastage, improved utilization and Fattening and higher income (₦ 31,600). Feeding Brachiaria Mulato II based total mixed ration at 4% body weight is hereby recommended to smallholder farmers in order to reduce the cost of production in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.
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References
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Miles, J. W. and Do Valle, C. B. (1996). Manipulation of apomixis in Brachiaria breeding. In: J. Miles, B. L. Maass and C. B. do Valle (Eds.). Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy and Improvement. 164-177.
National Research Council (2007). Nutrient Requirements for various classes of sheep and goat, Update 2007. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Kibon, A. and. Ørskov, E. R. (1993). The use of degradation characteristics of browse plant to predict intake and digestibility of goats. Animal Production, 57: 247-251.
Kopu, M. M. (1975). The natural forage for Northern Nigeria 2. Nitrogen and mineral composition of grasses and browse from northern Guinea savannah and standing hay from different savannah zones. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 2: 235-246.
Krebs, G and R.A Leng. 1984. The effect of supplementation with molasses/urea block on ruminal digestion. Proceeding. Australian Society of Animal Production.15:704.
Leng, R.A (1990) Factors affecting the utilization of poor-quality forage by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions Nutritional Research Review 3:277-303.
Ørskov, E. R. (1998): Feed Evaluation with emphasis on fibrous roughages and fluctuating supply of nutrients. 1. A review. Small ruminant Research, 28: 1-8.
Ørskov, E. R. and M. Ryle. 1990. Energy Nutrition in ruminants. Elsevier Applied Science, Oxford.
Ørskov, E. R. and Hovell, D. F (1978). Rumen digestion of hay (measures with Dacron bags) by cattle grain sugar cane or pangola hay. Tropical Animal Production 3: 9-11.
Osuji, P. O., Nsahlai, I. V, and Khalili, H. (1993). Feed Evaluation (ILCA Manual.,NO 5). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa) 40.
Ovimap, (2015). Ovi location map: Ovi Earth Imagery Data.
Preston, T.R., and R.A., Leng, (1987). Matching Ruminant production system with Available Resources in the tropics and subtropics. Penambul Books Ltd, Arnidale NSW Australia. Pp 245.
SAS, (Statistical Analysis Systems). (2002). Procedures Guide. North Carolina, USA: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Cary.
Sani I. (2012). Effect of Different protein supplementation on the performance of Yankasa sheep fed Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis). Pp 64-69.
Singh, R. J. (2009). Genetic resources, chromosome engineering and crop improvement: Forage crops. CRC Press, Florida, U. S. A. Pp 8-12.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A (1991). Method for directory Neutral detergent fibre and Non-Starch polysaccharides in relation to Animal Nutrition, Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Adamu.H.Y. (2015). Assessment of two Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L) Varieties for Forage, Pod Yield Characteristics and Effect of Feeding the Haulm to Yankasa Rams. Ph.D Thesis Pp 72-82.
AOAC, (2005). Official Method of Analysis, 17th edition. Association of Analytical Chemists, 24th edition Washington, DC. USA. 200-210.
Alabi, J.B., Yahaya, M.S., and Julius, N. (2010). Effect of Sorrel seed (Hibiscus sabdariffa) supplementation on the performance of Yankasa rams fed Brachiaria decumbens as basal diets. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. Pp: 7: 12-13.
Ajayi, F.I., Ogunleke, F.O., Odejide, J.O., Tiamiyu, A.K., and Morankinyo,O.A. (2014). Feed Intake and Weight Changes of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Concentrâtes Diet with Corn cob in varying levels. Proc. 39th Conf. Nig. Soc. for Animal Prod. 16-19 March, 2014. Babcock Univ. Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Pp 262-264.
Babayemi, O. J. (2009). Silage quality, dry matter intake and digestibility by West African dwarf sheep of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum cv Ntchisi) harvested at 4 and 12 week regrowths. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (16): 3983-3988.
Bamikole, M. A., Akinsoyinu, A. O., Ezenwa, I., Babayemi, O. J., Akinlade, J. and Adewuni, M. K. (2004). Effect of six- weekly harvests on the yield, chemical composition and dry matter degradability of Panicum maximum and Stylosanthese hamata in Nigeria, Grass and Forage Science, 59:357-370.
Bello, A. A. (2016). Economics of feeding sun‐dried poultry dropping based diets on growing rams consuming sorghum stover. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 6(3):595-598.
Bogoro, S. E., (1997). Effect of protein energy supplementation on rumen kinetics, metabolites profile and growth performance of rams fed high fiber diets. Ph.D thesis, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.
CIRAD. French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (2004). Fonio: An African cereal crop. Available at: www.cirad.fr/en. Retieved 28 October, 2006.
CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical) (2006). Annual report 2005 project I.P-5 Tropical Grasses and legumes. Optimizing genetic diversity for multipurpose use: Pp 266.
Duncan D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometric. 11:1-42.
Ferdous, M. R., Khan, M. J., Rashid, M. A. and Kamruzzaman, M. (2011). Effect of different levels of concentrate supplementation on the performance of Black Bengal goat. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science. 40 (1-2): 40-45.
FAO (1995). Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Food and Nutrition Series, No.27.
Hassan M. R., Muhammad, I. R., Amodu, J. T., Jokthan, G. E., Abdul, S. B., Adamu, H. Y., Yashim, S. M., Taofik, I., Tamburawa, M.S. and Musa, A. (2016). Growth performance of Red Sokoto bucks fed graded levels of Lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet) hay as supplement to maize (Zea mays) stover basal diet. Journal of Animal Production Research 28(1): 283-298.
IAR (2017). Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Meteorological Data Information of Samaru and its Environs.
Mehrez, A.Z., Orkskov, E.R. and Mcdonald, I. (1977). Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration. British Journal Nutrition. 38: 437-443
McDonald, P., Edward, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D., Morgan, C. A., Sinclair, L.A. and Wilkinson (2011). Animal Nutrition. 7th Edn., Prentice Hall/Pearson Education Ltd., Harlow, UK.
Mijinyawa, M.A. (2016). Evaluation of treated and untreated bagasse with or without enzyme supplementation on performance of Red Sokoto bucks. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria Pp 144-145.
Miles, J. W., Do Valle, C. B., Rao, I. M. and Euclides, V. P. B. (2004). Brachiaria grasses In. L.E Moser B.L Burson Y.L.E Sollenberger (eds). Warm – season (C4) grasses. Agron monogr 45, ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison WI, USA 2004. 745-783.
Miles, J. W. and Do Valle, C. B. (1996). Manipulation of apomixis in Brachiaria breeding. In: J. Miles, B. L. Maass and C. B. do Valle (Eds.). Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy and Improvement. 164-177.
National Research Council (2007). Nutrient Requirements for various classes of sheep and goat, Update 2007. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Kibon, A. and. Ørskov, E. R. (1993). The use of degradation characteristics of browse plant to predict intake and digestibility of goats. Animal Production, 57: 247-251.
Kopu, M. M. (1975). The natural forage for Northern Nigeria 2. Nitrogen and mineral composition of grasses and browse from northern Guinea savannah and standing hay from different savannah zones. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 2: 235-246.
Krebs, G and R.A Leng. 1984. The effect of supplementation with molasses/urea block on ruminal digestion. Proceeding. Australian Society of Animal Production.15:704.
Leng, R.A (1990) Factors affecting the utilization of poor-quality forage by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions Nutritional Research Review 3:277-303.
Ørskov, E. R. (1998): Feed Evaluation with emphasis on fibrous roughages and fluctuating supply of nutrients. 1. A review. Small ruminant Research, 28: 1-8.
Ørskov, E. R. and M. Ryle. 1990. Energy Nutrition in ruminants. Elsevier Applied Science, Oxford.
Ørskov, E. R. and Hovell, D. F (1978). Rumen digestion of hay (measures with Dacron bags) by cattle grain sugar cane or pangola hay. Tropical Animal Production 3: 9-11.
Osuji, P. O., Nsahlai, I. V, and Khalili, H. (1993). Feed Evaluation (ILCA Manual.,NO 5). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa) 40.
Ovimap, (2015). Ovi location map: Ovi Earth Imagery Data.
Preston, T.R., and R.A., Leng, (1987). Matching Ruminant production system with Available Resources in the tropics and subtropics. Penambul Books Ltd, Arnidale NSW Australia. Pp 245.
SAS, (Statistical Analysis Systems). (2002). Procedures Guide. North Carolina, USA: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Cary.
Sani I. (2012). Effect of Different protein supplementation on the performance of Yankasa sheep fed Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis). Pp 64-69.
Singh, R. J. (2009). Genetic resources, chromosome engineering and crop improvement: Forage crops. CRC Press, Florida, U. S. A. Pp 8-12.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A (1991). Method for directory Neutral detergent fibre and Non-Starch polysaccharides in relation to Animal Nutrition, Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Published
2023-11-13
How to Cite
Ahmed, S. A., Abdu, S. B., Amodu, J. T., Hassan, M. R., Ishiaku, Y. M., Ibrahim, H., Salisu, S. G., Musa, A., & Umar, S. J. (2023). Growth Performance and Cost Benefit of Feeding Brachiaria Mulato II Base Total Mixed Ration at Different Percent Body Weight to Growing Yankasa Rams. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 6(3), 61 - 69. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/278
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