Haematological Parameters and Serum Biochemical Constituents of West African Dwarf Growing Rams fed Panicum maximum supplemented with Cajanus cajan Foliage Hay
Abstract
The use of browse legume fodder as hay or silage with varying proportions of pasture grass has drawn attentions due to high protein efficiency, high digestible energy and total digestible nutrients. Hence, the feeding strategies to enhance the utilization of native pastures and browses by ruminants is paramount. In this study, a total of 30 growing West African Dwarf (WAD) rams of 6-9 months old weighing 10.75-11.68 kg were randomly grouped into six rams per treatment in a completely randomized design for 90 days feeding trial to assess the haematological and serum biochemical constituents of rams fed varying proportions of mixed Cajanus cajan (CJ) hay with Panicum maximum (PM) at 3% body weight per day (T1=100%PM, T2=70%PM30%CJ, T3=50%PM50%CJ, T4=30%PM70%CJ and T5=100%CJ). The result showed a significant (p<0.05) difference in all the haematological parameters across the dietary treatments except for mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) as the rams maintained on T5 diet had the highest packed cell volume (PCV, 24.16%) and haemoglobin (Hb, 8.00g/dl). The red blood cell (RBC) ranged 7.63 – 8.10 x 106/l showed significant difference across all treatments, while the highest white blood cell (WBC) value of 11.18 x 103/l was observed in rams maintained on T4 diet. Rams fed T5 diet had the highest total protein, Aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine aminotransferase of 6.18 g/dl, 59.38 I. UL and 19.31 I. UL respectively compared to ram fed T1 and T3 diets with TP (5.68g/dl), AST (47.22 I. UL) and ALT (15.77 I. UL) respectively. The study revealed that feeding 100%CJ hay diet has a good nutrient profile and enhanced the productivity of growing WAD rams in terms of PCV, Hb and RBC and improved serum metabolites in terms of total protein without any deleterious effects on the animal.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, M. E., Abdel-Gawad, A.M., Shehata, E.I., and Tawfk, S.A. (2011). Influence of using reed forage in different forms as fresh, silage and hay on blood profile and carcass quality of growing Rahmani sheep. Egyptian Journal of Sheep and Goats Sciences, 6(2): 25-35.
Ahmed, M.E., Abd El-Hamid, A.A., Ibrahim, F. A. and Soliman, E.S. (2009). Nutritional and economical studies of growing lambs and lactating goats fed different legume-grass mixtures. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 12 (3): 263-270.
Akinmoladun, O. F., Adejoro, V. and Jimoh, A. (2018). Performance and carcass characteristics of rabbits fed diets with total or partial replacement of Tridax procumbens by bamboo (Bambusa arundinancea) leaves. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 27(1): 1–10
Akinmoladun, O. F., Muchenje, V., Fon, F. N. and Mpendulo, C. T. (2019). Small ruminants: Farmers’ hope in a world threatened by water scarcity. Animals, 9(7): Article 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9070456.
Alalade, J.A, Akinlade, J.A., Aderinola, O.A., Fajemisin, A.N., Muraina, T.O and Amoo, T.A. (2016). Proximate, mineral and antinutureient contents in Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC. (Winged beans) leaves. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 10(2): 1-7.
Al-Hamdani F. M. A. (2011). Using Sesbania sesban to improve some soils affected by salt in ANBAR Governorate -Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies (Anbar University) – Iraq, 4 (1): 5–11.
Allam, S.M., El-Nasr, H.M.A, El-Gawad, M.H.A. and Nassar, M.S. (2007). Performance of local goats maintained on natural ranges and supplementary feeding in Halaib-Shalateen region, Egypt: 1. Does performance through pregnancy and lactation. Egypt Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 10: 323-347.
Allen, V. G. and Segarra, E. (2001). Anti-quality components in forage: overview, significance, and economic impact. Journal of Range Management, 54(4): 409-412.
Al-Seaf, A. M. and Al-Harbi, K. B. (2012). Variability of disease resistance, haematological parameters and lymphocyte proliferation in two goat breeds and their F1 and F2 crosses. International Journal of Food Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2: 47–53.
Ambore, B., Ravikanth, K., Maini, S. and Rekhe, D. S. (2009). Haematological profile and growth performance of goats under transportation stress. Veterinary World, 2(5): 195–198.
Anele, U.Y., Arigbede, O.M., Olante, J.A., Adekunle, I.O., Jolaosho, A.O., Onifade, O.S. and Oni, A.O. (2009). Early growth and seasonal chemical composition of three indigenous multipurpose tree species (MPTS) in Abeokuta, Nigeria Agroforest System 73: 89-98.
Aruwayo, A., Maigandi, S.A., Malami, B.S. and Daneji, A.I. (2011). Haematological and Biochemical parameters of Uda lambs fed graded levels of Alkali-treated neem kernel cake. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science 19(2): 277-284.
Azab, M.E. and Abdal-Maksoud, H.A. (1999). Changes in Some Haematoloical and Biochemical Parameters During Pre-partum and post-Partum Periods in Female Baladi Goats, Small Ruminants Research 34: 77-85.
Babayemi O.J and Bamikole M.A (2006). Some productive and nutritive effects of Tephrosia brotealata, Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium hay for West African Dwarf goats kept on range. Journal of Central European Agriculture 7(2): 32-38.
Babayemi, O. J., Ajayi, F. T., Taiwo, A. A., Bamikole, M. A., Fajimi, A. K. (2006). Performance of West African Goats fed Panicum maximum and concentrate diets supplemented with lablab (Lablab purpureus), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) foliage. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 33 (1-2): 102-111
Badawi, N.M. and AL-Hadithy, H.A.H. (2014). The hematological parameters in clinically healthy Iraqi Awassi Sheep. World Veterinary Journal 4(1): 01- 05.
Banerjee, G. C. (2007). A Texbook of Animal Husbandry. 8th ed. Published by Raju Prinlani for Oxford and IBH publishing co. Pvt. Ltd. New dewil, India. Pp: 933-934.
Belete, S., Abubeker, H., Abule, E. and Nura, A. (2013). Performance of Arsi-Bale kids supplemented with graded levels of pigeon pea in dry season in Mid Rift valley of Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8(20): 2366 - 2370.
Belewu, M.A. and Ogunsola, F.O. (2010). Haematological and serum indices of goats fed fungi treated Jatropha curcas kernel cake in a mixed ration. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development 2(3): 035 – 038.
Bogale, S., Melaku, S. and Yami, A. (2008). Matching livestock systems with available feed resources in the Bale highlands of Ethiopia. Outlook Agriculture, 37: 105–110.
Campbell, K., Garforth, C., Heffernan, C., Morton, J., Paterson, R., Rymer, C. and Upton, M. (2006). Small Stock in Development. Natural Resource International LTD. Aylesford Kent, UK.
Carola, R., Harley, J.P. and Noback, C.R. (1990). Human Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Inc. USA. 925p.
Cheesbrough, M. (2004). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part 2, University Press, Cambridge United Kingdom, pp: 266-342.
Cheva-Isarakul, B. (1992). Pigeon pea as a ruminant feed. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 5: 549-558.
Coles, E.H. (1974). Liver function. In: Saunders, W.B. (Editor) Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Second Edition. Company Philadelphia. Pp. 202-215.
Coles, E.H. (1986). Veterinary Clinical pathology of Domestic Animals. 2nd ed. Academic press, New York, USA.
Cook, B.G., Pengelly, P.C., Brown, S.D., Donnelly, J.L., Eagles, D.A., Franco, M.A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B.F., Partridge, I.J. and Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical forages an interactive selection tool. Cajanus cajan. CSIRO, DPI&F (Qld), CIAT, and ILRI, Brisbane, Australia.
Daramola, J.O., Adeloye, A.A., Fatoba, T.A. and Soladoye, A.O. (2005). Haematological and biochemical parameters of West African dwarf goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 17(8). Retrieved from: http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd17/8.dara17095.htm on 01/07/2023 on 10/07/2023
De Muelenaere, H.J.H. (1985). Toxicity and Haemaglutinin Activity of legumes. Nature, 20 (6): 827-828
Dele, P.A. (2012). “Evaluation of Dry Matter Yield and Nutritive Quality of Forage, Hay and Silage produced from Three Grasses Fertilized with Animal Manures.” Ph.D. Thesis, Federal University of Agriculture: Abeokuta, Nigeria. 263pp
Diriba, G., Mekonnen H., Ashenafi. M. and Adugna, T. (2013). Nutritive value of selected browse and herbaceous forage legumes adapted to medium altitude Sub-Humid Areas of Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria 11(6): 809-816.
Duncan, B.D. (1955). Multiple Range Test and Multiple F-Test. Biometrics 1:1- 42.
El-Talty, Y.I., Abd El-Gawad, M.H., Deif, A.E.M. (2007). Freshwater common Y grass (Phragmitis australis) as un-conventional summer forage in comparative feeding studies among camel, sheep and goat. Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 32: 1721-1734.
El-Talty, Y.I., Abdel-Gwad, M.H., Mahmoud, A.E.M. (2015). Effect of common reed (Phragmites australis) silage on performance of growing lambs. Asian Journal of Animal Science, 9: 1-12.
Ewuola, E. O. and Egbunike, G. N. (2008). Haematological and serum biochemical response of growing rabbit buck fed dietary Fumonisin B. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (23) 4304-4309
Fadiyimu, A.A. (2009). Fodder yield and nutritive value of the drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera, Lam) for small ruminants in the rainforest zone of Southwest Nigeria. Thesis in the Department of Animal Production and Health, The Federal University of Technology, Akure. Pp.109-143.
Fajemisin, A.N. (2015). Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of the nutrient contents of Panicum maximum-Moringa oleifera diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 42(2):197-208.
FAO. (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2003). Panicum maximum, Guinea grass, colonia grass, Tanganyika grass. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/agap/frg/AFRIS/DATA/18.hmtl on 01/06/2023
Ganong, W. F. (2005) Review of Medical Physiology 22nd edition McGraw Hill Medical Publication Asia Pp. 459- 532.
Ganong, W.F. (2001). Review of Medical Physiology 20th edition. Lang Medical Book. McGraw Hill Medical Publishing Division, San Francisco. Pp 408-515.
Gebreyowhans, S. and Zegeye, T. (2019). Effect of dried Sesbania sesban leaves supplementation on milk yield, feed intake, and digestibility of Holstein Friesian X Zebu (Arado) crossbred dairy cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(4), 949-955. Retrieved from https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11250-0181779-0 on 02/07/2023
Getachew, G. E, DePeters and Robinson, P. H. (2004). In- vitro gas production provides effective methods for assessing ruminant feeds. Research article, California Agriculture, 58(1): 54-58.
Gomez, F. (2011). Nutritional Assessment, Nutritional Requirements and Forage Analysis of Llamas and Alpacas. Large Animal Clinical Sciences Publications and Other Works.
Grenet, E., and Demarquilly, C. (1987). A comparison of the digestion and reduction in particle size of Lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) and Ital (Lolium italicum) in the ovine digestive tract. British Journal of Nutrition, 11:141-162.
Harper, H.A., Rodwell, V.W. and Mayer, P.A. (1977). Review of physiological chemistry. 6th ed. California Lange medical publishers. Pp.559-598. Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cholesterol on 23/10/2012.
Jackson, P.G., & Cockcroft, P.D. (2002). Clinical Examination of Farm Animals. Blackwell Science Ltd. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
Jain, N.C. 1986. Schalms Veterinary Haematology. 4th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
Jiwuba, P.C., Ikwunze, K., Dauda, E and Ugwu, D.O. (2016). Haematological and serum biochemical Indices of growing rabbits fed diets containing varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. British Biotechnology Journal, 15(2): 1-7.
Kellems, R.O. and Church, D.C. (1998). Livestock Feeds and Feeding (4th edition). Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, USA, 537p.
Kiran, D., Penner, G.B. and Mutsvangwa, T. (2011). Feeding oscillating dietary crude protein concentrations on blood metabolites and nitrogen utilization in growing lambs. The Journal of Nutrition 141(4): 560-567.
Stevens, J. B., Anderson, K. L., Correa, M. T., Stewart, T., & Braselton, W. E., Jr (1994). Hematologic, blood gas, blood chemistry and serum mineral values for a sample of clinically healthy adult goats. Veterinary clinical pathology, 23(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165x.1994.tb01011.x
Maasdrop, B.V., Muchenje,V., and Titterton, M. (1999). Palatability and effect of dairy cow milk yield of dried fodder from the forage trees Acacia boliviana, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala. Animal Feed Science and Technology 77: 49-59.
Mahmoud, A. E. M. (2013). Effects of feeding on Moringa oleifera stems on productive performance of growing lambs. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds 16(2):281-291.
Maigandi, S.A. (2001). Quantification and utilization of fore-stomach digesta in the diets of growing and fattening sheep. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Usman Dan Fodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D. and Morgan, C.A. (2002). System for expressing the energy value of foods. Animal Nutrition. 6th Ed., Longman Group Ltd., UK., pp266-283
Mekoya, A. (2008). Multipurpose fodder trees in Ethiopia Farmers' perception, constraints to adoption and effects of long-term supplementation on sheep performance. Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen University, Animal Production Systems Group, The Netherlands. 220 p
Merck Mannual (2012). Haematological Reference Ranges. Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved from http://www.merckmannuals.com on 25/10/2022
Minson, D.J. (1990). Forage in Ruminant Nutrition. Academic press, San Diego, CA, In: Adegun, M.K. (2014). Voluntary feed intake and nutrient utilization of West African Dwarf sheep fed supplements of Moringa oleifera and Gliricidia sepium fodders. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2(3):94-99
Mohammed, S.A., Razzaque, M.A., Omar, A.E., Albert, S., and Al-Gallaf., W.M. 2016. Biochemical and Haematological profile of different breeds of goats maintained under intensive production system. African Journal of Biotechnology, (15): 1253 - 1257.
Molander D.W., Sheppard E. and Pyen, M.A. (1957). Serum transaminase in liver disease. Journal of Animal Science, 163:51-61.
Moussa, H.M., Barghash, R.M. and Hassan, A.A. 2011. The current situation of the animal feed gap in Egypt. Journal of Basic Applied Science and Research, 1, 713-720.
Nogueira, J, C. M., Fondevila, M., Barrios, U. A., Gonzalez, R. M., (2000). In-vitro microbial fermentation of tropical grasses at an advanced maturity stage. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 83:145-157.
Norton, B. W. (2003). Tree legumes and Dietary supplements. In: Forages Tree legumes in Tropical Agriculture, Guttridge, R.C. and H.M Shelton, (Eds) CAB International, Wallingford, Oxford, pp:192-201
Odunsi, A.A., Adegbile, S.A., Akande, T.O. and Olayeni, T.B. (2009). Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake in the diets of cockerel chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 8(1): 47-51.
Ogbuewu, I.P., Odoemenam, V.U., Obikaonu, H.O., Opara, M.N., Emenalom, O.O., Uchegbu, M.C., Okoli, I.C., Eseonu, B.O. and Iloje, M.U. (2011). The growing importance of neem (Azadiracta indica) in agricultural industry, medicine and environment. A review. Research Journal of Mechanical Plants 5(3): 230-245.
Okoli, I.C., Ebere, C.S., Uchegbu, M.C., Uddah, C.A. and Ibeaewuchi, I.I. (2002). Survey of the diversity of plants utilized for small ruminant feeding in Southern Eastern Nigeria. Agriculture Ecosystem and Enviroment 45(6): 25-29.
Olafadehan, O.A. (2013). Feeding value of Pterocarpus erinaceus for growing goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology 185:1-8.
Olafadehan, O.A. and Okunade, S.A. 2018a. Fodder value of three browse forage species for growing goats. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 17:43 – 50.
Olafadehan, O.A., Njidda, A.A., Okunade, S.A. Salihu, S.O., Balogun, D.O. and Salem, A.Z.M. (2018b). Performance and haemtochemical parameters of buck-kids fed concentrate partially replaced with tropical Piliostigma thonningii foliage. Animal Science Journal 89, 340–347.
Olafadehan, O.A., Okunade, S.A., Njidda, A.A., Adewumi, M.K., Sunday, U.F. and Sarah, S. (2015). Feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen utilization and ruminal fermentation characteristics of Red Sokoto goats fed concentrate partially replaced with Piliostigma thonningii foliage. Tropical Animal Production Investigation 18(2):39-47.
Olorunnisomo, O.A., Ewuola, E.O and Lawal, T.T. (2012). Intake and blood metabolites in red sokoto goats fed Elephant grass and Cassava peel silage. Journal of Animal Production Advances, 2(9): 420 - 428.
Olotu, J.T., Ologun, A.G. and Osho, I.B. (1998). Haematological Values and Health Status of Red Sokoto Goats within 5 months of Introduction to Southwest Nigeria. Proceedings Sliver Annual Conference of Nigerian Society of Animal Production and Inaugural Conference of West African Society of Animal Production Abeokuta, Nigeria, pp.375-376
Olurotimi, A.O. (2011). Changes in haematological and biochemical diagnostic parameters of red sokoto goats fed tannin-rich Pterocarpus erinaceus forage deits. Veterinarski Archive 81(4):471-483.
Onyeonagu, C.C., Anyadiegwu, O.A. and Uwalaka, T.K. 2012. The Quality of crop fractions of a degraded Panicum maximum pasture under different cutting intervals and nitrogen fertilizer rates. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(14): 2174 – 2182
Opara, M.N., Udevi, N. and Okoli, I.C. (2010). Haematological Parameters and Blood Chemistry of Apparently Healthy West African Dwarf (WAD) goats in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria. New York Science Journal 3 (8): 68-72.
Pampari, Z.A. (2003). Field laboratory procedure in animal health care. Daya publish house, New Delhi, India.Pp.172-182.
Peter, T., Biamonte, G.T. and Doumas, B.T. (1982). Total protein in serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluids, Albumin in serum In: selected method of clinical chemistry. Volume 9 (Paulker, W.R, Meites, Eds), American Association for clinical chemistry, Washington, D.C.
Quigley, K.M. and T.M. Anderson. (2014). “Leaf Silica Concentration in Serengeti Grasses Increases with Watering but not clipping: Insights from a Common Garden Study and Literature Review”. Frontier in Plant Science 5:568 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00568.
Reinhold, J.G. 1953. Total protein, Albumin and Globulin. Standard methods of clinical chemistry, (1):8.
Research Animal Resource. (2009). Reference values for laboratory animals: Normal haematological values. RAR Websites, RAR, University of Minnesota. Retrieved http://www.ahc.umn.edu/rar/refval ues.html.
Rusdy, M. 2016. Elephant grass as forage for ruminant animals. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 28(49). Retrieved from http://www.Irrd.org/Irrd28/4/rusd28049.html on 02/07/2023
SAS/STAT (2002). SAS User’s guide: version 9.4. Statistical Analysis System Institute Inc. Cary, NC.
Scott, M.L. (1965). Plasma creatinine determination: A review specific reaction method Scandandin Avian Journal of Laboratory Investigation 13:381-388
Shakoori A.R, Aslam. F, and Sabir, M. (1990). Effect of prolonged administration of insecticide (Cyhalothrin/karate) on the blood and liver of rabbits. Folia Biology. 40:91-99
Shenkute, B., Abubeker, H., Abule, E. and Nura, A. (2013). Performance of Arsi-Bale kids supplemented with graded levels of Pigeon pea in dry season in Mid Rift valley of Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8(20): 2366-2370.
Singh, S. P. 2004. Practical Manual in Biochemistry. 5th ed. Satish Kuma jain, india. Pp. 203-255.
Taiwo, V.O and Ogunsanmi, A.O. (2003). Haematology, plasma, whole blood and erythrocyte biochemical values of clinically healthy captive reared grey duicker (Sylviccapra grimmia) and West African dwarf sheep and goats in Ibadan, Nigeria. Israel Journal of Veterinary and Medicine 58(1):1-6.
Tambuwal, F.M, B.M. Agaie and A. Bangana, 2002. Haematological and biochemical values of apparently healthy Red Sokoto goats. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production (NSAP), 17-21 Marcch 2002, Federal University of Technology, AKure, Nigeria; pp50-53.
Tung, H.T., Cook, R.D., Wyatt, H.T. and Hamilton, P.B. 1975. The anaemia caused by aflatoxin. Poultry Science, 54: 1962 - 1969.
Ukanwoko, A. I. and Igwe, N. C. (2012). Proximate Composition of Some Grass and Legume Silages Prepared in a Humid Tropical Environment. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science 2(2): 068-071.
Waziri, M.A., Ribadu, A.Y. and Sivachelvan, N. (2010). Changes in the serum proteins, haematological and some serum biochemical profiles in the gestation period in the Sahel goats. Veterinary Archive 80(2): 215-224.
Yusuf, A. O., Oyebanji, O. A., Yusuf, D. A., Ekunseitan, K. A., Adeleye, O.S., Sowande, O.S. and Fasae, O. A. (2012). Bood profile of West African Dwarf goats fed Panicum maximum supplemented with Newbouldia laevis leaves. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. 60: 481 – 490.
Zaki, A., Osman, A., Ibrahim, F., Soliman, E. (2015). EfectEffect of using Sesbania sesban and its mixtures with some summer fresh grasses on lambs’ productive performance in New Reclaimed Soil. Journal of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, 3 (1), 7–16, https://doi. org/10.21608/japfp.2015.7427.
Zilva, J.F. and Pannall, P.R. (1984). Clinical Chemistry in, Diagnoses and Treatment, 4 Ed. Lloyd-Luke London. 1786pp. Medical Books Ltd., London, 185pp