Carcass Yields and Economics of Broiler Chickens Production on Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Powders Additives
Keywords:
Broiler chickens, Garlic, Ginger, Carcass yield, Economics
Abstract
An eight-week study was carried out to assess the effects of garlic and ginger on the carcass yield and economics of broiler production. Ninety-nine (99) day-old Abor acre chicks were allotted in completely randomized design to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (1% garlic) and T3 (1% ginger). Each treatment was replicated thrice with 11 chicks per replicate. Acclimatization to the environment lasted for 1 week. The birds received the experimental diets for 8 weeks, during which the cost of all inputs was recorded. On the last day of the study, a bird per replicate was randomly selected for humane slaughtering and dressing. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated with Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. The results of carcass yield showed that the garlic and ginger treated groups significantly (p<0.05) performed better than the control except for the intestine and abdominal fat (p>0.05) weights. However, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the treatments with respect to back, gizzard and neck. The cost of feeding and cost of production of the control were the lowest and differed (p<0.05) from the garlic and ginger treated groups. Because of the significantly (p<0.05) greater weight gain by the garlic and ginger treated groups and mortality rates in the control group, the return on investment favoured the treated groups significantly (p<0.05). It can be concluded that garlic and ginger at inclusion level of 1 % each, enhanced carcass yield and accrued more gain to the farmer.
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References
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Agida, C.A., Onunkwo, D.N., Ezenyilimba, B.N., Afam-Ibezim, E.M., Ukonu, A.B., John, U.E. and Adje, C.I. (2021). Carcass Traits, Organ Proportion and Bio-Economic Cost Benefits Analysis of Broiler Chickens Fed Different Dietary Plant Protein Sources in Sorghum-Based Diet. Research on World Agricultural Economy, 2(3): 17-22. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v2i3.425
Alagawany, M., Ali Ashour, E. and Reda F.M. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood profile and oxidative status in growing rabbit. Animal Science, 16: 489–505.
Al-Shuwaili, M.A., Ibrahim, E.I. and Al-Bayati, M.T. (2015). Effect of dietary herbal plants supplement in turkey diet on performance and some blood biochemical parameters. Global Journal of Bio-science and Biotechnology, 4 (1): 85-89.
Ayoola, M.A., Balogun, K.B. and Ogunsipe, M.H. (2018). Performance, carcass characteristics and economics of production of broilers fed diets containing Gliricidia sepium leaf meal as replacement for soya bean meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 45(5):46 – 51.
Bedford, M. (2000). Removal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry diets. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 56:.347-365.
Bhardwaj, R.K., Singh, S.K; Kumar, A. and Kumar, S. (2009). Performance and haematobiological profile of Japanese quails fed as baragulracemosus root powder. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Mamagement, 25(1-2): 94-96.
Chao, X., Guo, L., Wang, Q., Huang, W., Liu, M., Luan, K., Jiang, J., Lin, S., Nie, Q., Luo, W., Zhang, X. and Luo, Q. (2020). miR-429-3p/LPIN1 axis promotes chicken abdominal fat deposition via PPARg pathway. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8: 595637. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595637
Dabai, S.A., Bello S. and Dabai J.S. (2021). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of finisher broiler chickens served carrot leaf extract as a supplementary source of vitamins and minerals. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 23 (1): 144-149.
Dhama, K., Chakraborty, S., Tiwari R., Verma, A.K., Saminathan, M., Amarpal, Malik Y.S., Nikousefat, Z., Javdani, M. and Khan, R. U. (2014). Use of phytogenics as a feed additive for monogastric animals. Animal and Veterinary Science, 4: 353–370.
Egbinola, C.N. and Amobichukwu, A.C. (2013). Climate variation assessment based on rainfall and temperature in Ibadan, South-Western, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3 (11): 32-45.
El-Hady, A.M.A., El Ashry, G.M. and El-Ghalid, O.A.H. (2020). Effect of Natural Phytogenic Extract Herbs on Physiological Status and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chickens. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 10: 134-151. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2020.101007
Jiya, E.Z., Ayanwale, B.A., Adeoye, A.B., Kolo, P.S., Tsado, D.N. and Alabi, O.J. (2014). Carcass. Organoleptic and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens fed activated charcoal. Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research, 2(5): 83-87.
Karangiya, V.K., Savsani, H., Shrikant, H., Soma Patil, D., Garg, D., Murthy, K.S. and Vekariya, S.J. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic, ginger and their combination on feed intake, growth performance and economics in commercial broilers. Veterinary World, 9 (3): 245-250. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.245-250
Kaushal, S.; Sharma, R. K.; Singh, D. V.; Shukla, S. K.; Kumar, S.; Palod, J. and Singh, M.K. (2019). Performance, carcass characteristics and economics of broiler chickens fed dietary enzymes and probiotic. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 20 (4) Ser. No. 69: 293-298.
Khaksar, V., Van Krimpen, M. M., Hashemipour, H. and Pilevar, M. (2012). Effects of Thyme Essential Oil on Performance, Some Blood Parameters and Ileal Microflora of Japanese Quails. Journal of Poultry Science, 49: 106-110.
Khattak, F., Ronchi, A., Castelli, P. and Sparks, N. (2014) Effects of Natural Blend of Essential Oil on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Cecal Morphology, and Carcass Quality of Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science, 93: 132-137. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03387
Li, H.N., Zhao, P.Y., Yan, L., Hossain, M.M., Kang, J. and Kim, I. H. (2016). Dietary phytoncide supplementation improved growth performance and meat quality of finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 9: 1314–1321.
Lillehoj, H., Liu, Y., Calsamiglia, S., Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Chi, F., Cravens, R.L., Oh, S. and Gay, C.G. (2018). Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health Veterinary Research, 49: 1. 18 10.1186/s13567-018-0562-6
Na, W., Wu, Y.Y., Gong, P.F., Wu, C.Y., Cheng, B.H., Wang, Y.X., Wang, N., Du, Z.Q. and Li, H. (2018). Embryonic transcriptome and proteome analyses on hepatic lipid metabolism in chickens divergently selected for abdominal fat content. BMC Genomics, 19:384. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4776-9
Narasimha, J., Nagalakshmi, D., Viroji Rao, ST., Venkateswerlu, M. and Ramana, R.Y. (2013). Associative effect of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes and probiotics on performance, nutrient utilization and gut health of broilers fed sub-optimal energy diets. International Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2: 28-31.
Obi, I.U. (2002). Statistical methods of detecting differences between treatment means and research methodology issues in laboratory and field experiments. AP Express Publishers, Limited, 3 Obollo road, Nsukka-Nigeria. p. 117.
Ogle, M. (2013). Riots, Rage, Resistance: A Brief History of How Antibiotics Arrived on the Farm. Scientific American. Available at ps://blogs.scientificamerican.com Retrieved May 11, 2022..
Ojewola, G.S. and Ewa, U.E. (2005) Response of growing Broiler to varying dietary plant protein. In¬ternational Journal of Poultry Science, 4(10): 765 - 771.
Ojewola, G.S. and Longe, O.G. (2000) Evaluation of the productive and economic efficiencies of cowpea hall and maize offal inclusion in layers ration. Nige¬rian Journal of Animal Production, 27 (1): 35 - 39.
Okpe, A.A. and Sule, F.R. (2022). Carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed varying dietary levels of Ficus thonningii leaf meal. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19 (02): 229–232
Oladele, B.M. and Oladimeji, B.H. (2011). Dynamics of urban land use changes with remote sensing: Case study of Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 4 (11): 632-643.
Pertiwi, H. and Dadi, T.B. (2020). Phytoadditive Suplementation to Improve Production Performance of Broiler Replacing Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs ) in Indonesia -a Review. Sylwan, 164: 398–406
Puvaca, N., Kostadinovic, L.J., Ljubojevic, D., Lukac, D., Popovic, S., Dokmanovc, B. and Stanacev, V.S. (2014). Effects of dietary garlic addition on productive performance and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 30 (4): 669–676.
Qorbanpour, M., Fahim, T., Javandel, F., Nosrati, M., Paz, E., Seidavi, A., Ragni, M., Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V. (2018). Effect of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and multi-strain probiotic on growth and carcass traits, blood biochemistry, immune responses and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. Animals, 8 (7): 1–9.
Reuben, R.S., Onimisi, P.A., Sekoni, A.A. and Salihu, E.A. (2021). Growth performance, carcass characteristics and villi morphometry of broiler chickens fed diets containing Mentha piperitaand Adansonia digitataleaves meals as phytobiotics. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48(6): 217 - 228. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i6.3296
Saiyed, A.M., Joshi, R.S., Savaliya, F.P., Patel, A.B., Mishra, R.K. and Bhagora N.J. (2015). Study on inclusion of probiotic, prebiotic and its combination in broiler diet and their effect on carcass characteristics and economics of commercial broilers. Veterinary World, 8: 225-31.
Salihu, E.A., Onimisi, P.A., Omage, J.J., Afolayan, M., Moses, O. and Reuben, R.S. (2020). Evaluation of Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum canum as natural growth promoters on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota and villi morphometry of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(1): 186 – 196.
Shinde, S., Burte, R.G., Kumar, S., Desai, B.G. and Dhekele, J.S. (2017). Effect of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder supplementation on growth performance and economic analysis in broiler. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5 (3): 858–861.
Singh, S.K., Sahu, S.P. and Kumar, P. (2018). Influence of Supplementation of feed Additives on Carcass Characteristics, Mortality and Economics of Broiler Production. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7: 4810-4817.
Tang, X., Liu, X. and Liu, H. (2021) Effects of Dietary Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) Supplementation on Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Amino Acid, and Fatty Acid Profile of Broiler Chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8: 767802. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.767802
Tugiyanti, E. and Susanti, E. (2022). Effect of Various Feed Additives on Carcass and Meat Quality of Two Different Strains of Chickens. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1041: 012076. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1041/1/012076
Unigwe, C.R. and Igwe, I.R. (2022). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) powders on the growth performance and haematology of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 24 (2): 141-153.
Vogel, H.G., Vogel, W.H., Scholkens, B.A., Sandow, J., Muller, G. and Vogel, W.F. (2002). Drug discovery and evaluation: pharmacological assays. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg.
Wan, X., Yang, Z., Ji, H., Li, N., Yang, Z., Xu, L., Yang, H. and Wang, Z. (2021). Effects of lycopene on abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids levels and hepatic lipid metabolism-related enzymes in broiler chickens. Animal Biosciences, 34: 385– 92. doi: 10.5713/ajas.20.0432
Ward, J.W. and Elsea, J.R. (1997). Animal case and use in drug fate and metabolism, methods and techniques. Vol. 2. New York: Marcel Deker p. 431.
Yunana, Y.L., Olugbemi. T.S., Jegede, J.O. and Mallam, I. (2019).Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Graded Levels of Charcoal as Feed Additives. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 2 (3): 1 - 11
Zhang, M., Liu, L., Chen, D., Zhang, X., Zhou, C., Gan, Q., Li, Y., Wu, Q., Li, H., Xu, W., Zhang, M., Huang, Q. and Sun, Y. (2020). Functional microRNA screening for dietary vitamin E regulation of abdominal fat deposition in broilers. British Poultry Science, 61: 344–349. doi: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1736265
Abd El-Hack, M., Alagawany, M., Shaheen, H., Samak, D., Allam, A.A., Othman, S.I., Taha, A.E., Khafaga, A.F., Arif, M., Osman, A., El Sheikh, A., Elnesr, S.S. and Sitohy, M. (2020). Ginger and its Derivatives as Promising Alternatives to Antibiotics in Poultry Feed. Animals, 10 (3): 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030452
Abonyi, F.O., Oforah, C.I., Duruike, O.H. and Odo, R.I. (2019). Growth performance and carcass traits of broilers fed withallium sativum powders supplemented finisher diets. Animal Research International, 16(3): 3434 – 3442.
Agida, C.A., Onunkwo, D.N., Ezenyilimba, B.N., Afam-Ibezim, E.M., Ukonu, A.B., John, U.E. and Adje, C.I. (2021). Carcass Traits, Organ Proportion and Bio-Economic Cost Benefits Analysis of Broiler Chickens Fed Different Dietary Plant Protein Sources in Sorghum-Based Diet. Research on World Agricultural Economy, 2(3): 17-22. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v2i3.425
Alagawany, M., Ali Ashour, E. and Reda F.M. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood profile and oxidative status in growing rabbit. Animal Science, 16: 489–505.
Al-Shuwaili, M.A., Ibrahim, E.I. and Al-Bayati, M.T. (2015). Effect of dietary herbal plants supplement in turkey diet on performance and some blood biochemical parameters. Global Journal of Bio-science and Biotechnology, 4 (1): 85-89.
Ayoola, M.A., Balogun, K.B. and Ogunsipe, M.H. (2018). Performance, carcass characteristics and economics of production of broilers fed diets containing Gliricidia sepium leaf meal as replacement for soya bean meal. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 45(5):46 – 51.
Bedford, M. (2000). Removal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry diets. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 56:.347-365.
Bhardwaj, R.K., Singh, S.K; Kumar, A. and Kumar, S. (2009). Performance and haematobiological profile of Japanese quails fed as baragulracemosus root powder. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Mamagement, 25(1-2): 94-96.
Chao, X., Guo, L., Wang, Q., Huang, W., Liu, M., Luan, K., Jiang, J., Lin, S., Nie, Q., Luo, W., Zhang, X. and Luo, Q. (2020). miR-429-3p/LPIN1 axis promotes chicken abdominal fat deposition via PPARg pathway. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8: 595637. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595637
Dabai, S.A., Bello S. and Dabai J.S. (2021). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of finisher broiler chickens served carrot leaf extract as a supplementary source of vitamins and minerals. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 23 (1): 144-149.
Dhama, K., Chakraborty, S., Tiwari R., Verma, A.K., Saminathan, M., Amarpal, Malik Y.S., Nikousefat, Z., Javdani, M. and Khan, R. U. (2014). Use of phytogenics as a feed additive for monogastric animals. Animal and Veterinary Science, 4: 353–370.
Egbinola, C.N. and Amobichukwu, A.C. (2013). Climate variation assessment based on rainfall and temperature in Ibadan, South-Western, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3 (11): 32-45.
El-Hady, A.M.A., El Ashry, G.M. and El-Ghalid, O.A.H. (2020). Effect of Natural Phytogenic Extract Herbs on Physiological Status and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chickens. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 10: 134-151. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2020.101007
Jiya, E.Z., Ayanwale, B.A., Adeoye, A.B., Kolo, P.S., Tsado, D.N. and Alabi, O.J. (2014). Carcass. Organoleptic and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens fed activated charcoal. Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research, 2(5): 83-87.
Karangiya, V.K., Savsani, H., Shrikant, H., Soma Patil, D., Garg, D., Murthy, K.S. and Vekariya, S.J. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic, ginger and their combination on feed intake, growth performance and economics in commercial broilers. Veterinary World, 9 (3): 245-250. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.245-250
Kaushal, S.; Sharma, R. K.; Singh, D. V.; Shukla, S. K.; Kumar, S.; Palod, J. and Singh, M.K. (2019). Performance, carcass characteristics and economics of broiler chickens fed dietary enzymes and probiotic. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 20 (4) Ser. No. 69: 293-298.
Khaksar, V., Van Krimpen, M. M., Hashemipour, H. and Pilevar, M. (2012). Effects of Thyme Essential Oil on Performance, Some Blood Parameters and Ileal Microflora of Japanese Quails. Journal of Poultry Science, 49: 106-110.
Khattak, F., Ronchi, A., Castelli, P. and Sparks, N. (2014) Effects of Natural Blend of Essential Oil on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Cecal Morphology, and Carcass Quality of Broiler Chickens. Poultry Science, 93: 132-137. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03387
Li, H.N., Zhao, P.Y., Yan, L., Hossain, M.M., Kang, J. and Kim, I. H. (2016). Dietary phytoncide supplementation improved growth performance and meat quality of finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 9: 1314–1321.
Lillehoj, H., Liu, Y., Calsamiglia, S., Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Chi, F., Cravens, R.L., Oh, S. and Gay, C.G. (2018). Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health Veterinary Research, 49: 1. 18 10.1186/s13567-018-0562-6
Na, W., Wu, Y.Y., Gong, P.F., Wu, C.Y., Cheng, B.H., Wang, Y.X., Wang, N., Du, Z.Q. and Li, H. (2018). Embryonic transcriptome and proteome analyses on hepatic lipid metabolism in chickens divergently selected for abdominal fat content. BMC Genomics, 19:384. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4776-9
Narasimha, J., Nagalakshmi, D., Viroji Rao, ST., Venkateswerlu, M. and Ramana, R.Y. (2013). Associative effect of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes and probiotics on performance, nutrient utilization and gut health of broilers fed sub-optimal energy diets. International Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2: 28-31.
Obi, I.U. (2002). Statistical methods of detecting differences between treatment means and research methodology issues in laboratory and field experiments. AP Express Publishers, Limited, 3 Obollo road, Nsukka-Nigeria. p. 117.
Ogle, M. (2013). Riots, Rage, Resistance: A Brief History of How Antibiotics Arrived on the Farm. Scientific American. Available at ps://blogs.scientificamerican.com Retrieved May 11, 2022..
Ojewola, G.S. and Ewa, U.E. (2005) Response of growing Broiler to varying dietary plant protein. In¬ternational Journal of Poultry Science, 4(10): 765 - 771.
Ojewola, G.S. and Longe, O.G. (2000) Evaluation of the productive and economic efficiencies of cowpea hall and maize offal inclusion in layers ration. Nige¬rian Journal of Animal Production, 27 (1): 35 - 39.
Okpe, A.A. and Sule, F.R. (2022). Carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed varying dietary levels of Ficus thonningii leaf meal. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19 (02): 229–232
Oladele, B.M. and Oladimeji, B.H. (2011). Dynamics of urban land use changes with remote sensing: Case study of Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 4 (11): 632-643.
Pertiwi, H. and Dadi, T.B. (2020). Phytoadditive Suplementation to Improve Production Performance of Broiler Replacing Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs ) in Indonesia -a Review. Sylwan, 164: 398–406
Puvaca, N., Kostadinovic, L.J., Ljubojevic, D., Lukac, D., Popovic, S., Dokmanovc, B. and Stanacev, V.S. (2014). Effects of dietary garlic addition on productive performance and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 30 (4): 669–676.
Qorbanpour, M., Fahim, T., Javandel, F., Nosrati, M., Paz, E., Seidavi, A., Ragni, M., Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V. (2018). Effect of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and multi-strain probiotic on growth and carcass traits, blood biochemistry, immune responses and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. Animals, 8 (7): 1–9.
Reuben, R.S., Onimisi, P.A., Sekoni, A.A. and Salihu, E.A. (2021). Growth performance, carcass characteristics and villi morphometry of broiler chickens fed diets containing Mentha piperitaand Adansonia digitataleaves meals as phytobiotics. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48(6): 217 - 228. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i6.3296
Saiyed, A.M., Joshi, R.S., Savaliya, F.P., Patel, A.B., Mishra, R.K. and Bhagora N.J. (2015). Study on inclusion of probiotic, prebiotic and its combination in broiler diet and their effect on carcass characteristics and economics of commercial broilers. Veterinary World, 8: 225-31.
Salihu, E.A., Onimisi, P.A., Omage, J.J., Afolayan, M., Moses, O. and Reuben, R.S. (2020). Evaluation of Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum canum as natural growth promoters on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota and villi morphometry of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(1): 186 – 196.
Shinde, S., Burte, R.G., Kumar, S., Desai, B.G. and Dhekele, J.S. (2017). Effect of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder supplementation on growth performance and economic analysis in broiler. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5 (3): 858–861.
Singh, S.K., Sahu, S.P. and Kumar, P. (2018). Influence of Supplementation of feed Additives on Carcass Characteristics, Mortality and Economics of Broiler Production. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7: 4810-4817.
Tang, X., Liu, X. and Liu, H. (2021) Effects of Dietary Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) Supplementation on Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Amino Acid, and Fatty Acid Profile of Broiler Chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8: 767802. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.767802
Tugiyanti, E. and Susanti, E. (2022). Effect of Various Feed Additives on Carcass and Meat Quality of Two Different Strains of Chickens. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1041: 012076. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1041/1/012076
Unigwe, C.R. and Igwe, I.R. (2022). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) powders on the growth performance and haematology of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 24 (2): 141-153.
Vogel, H.G., Vogel, W.H., Scholkens, B.A., Sandow, J., Muller, G. and Vogel, W.F. (2002). Drug discovery and evaluation: pharmacological assays. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg.
Wan, X., Yang, Z., Ji, H., Li, N., Yang, Z., Xu, L., Yang, H. and Wang, Z. (2021). Effects of lycopene on abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids levels and hepatic lipid metabolism-related enzymes in broiler chickens. Animal Biosciences, 34: 385– 92. doi: 10.5713/ajas.20.0432
Ward, J.W. and Elsea, J.R. (1997). Animal case and use in drug fate and metabolism, methods and techniques. Vol. 2. New York: Marcel Deker p. 431.
Yunana, Y.L., Olugbemi. T.S., Jegede, J.O. and Mallam, I. (2019).Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Graded Levels of Charcoal as Feed Additives. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 2 (3): 1 - 11
Zhang, M., Liu, L., Chen, D., Zhang, X., Zhou, C., Gan, Q., Li, Y., Wu, Q., Li, H., Xu, W., Zhang, M., Huang, Q. and Sun, Y. (2020). Functional microRNA screening for dietary vitamin E regulation of abdominal fat deposition in broilers. British Poultry Science, 61: 344–349. doi: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1736265
Published
2023-11-09
How to Cite
Unigwe, C.R., Shobowale, O.M., Kenneth-Chukwu, O., & Okey, S.N. (2023). Carcass Yields and Economics of Broiler Chickens Production on Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Powders Additives. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 6(3), 1 - 12. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/272
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