Effects of Sex, Season and Year on Growth Performance of Indigenous Normal Feathered Chickens in a Semi-Arid Environment of Nigeria
Keywords:
Normal feathered chickens, Body weight, Body measurments, Sex, Season, Year
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of some environmental factors on Growth and morphometric traits of Indigenous Normal Feathered Chickens at the Poultry production unit (PPU) of the Ministry of Animal and Fisheries, Potiskum, Yobe state. Sixty matured Normal Feathered Chickens (NFC) comprising 50 females and 10 males were used as parent stock to generate progenies. After quarantine, the foundation population were divided into ten breeding groups; each group containing six birds of five hens and one cock. The experiment lasted for 18 months. Performance data of body weight (BW), chest girth (CG), body length (BL), thigh length, (TL), shank length (SL), shank circumference (SL), wing length (WL) and keel length (KL) of 123 progenies generated were taken and analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS, Version 9.1). The results showed that the values of growth traits increased with age. The overall means of body weights were 90.19, 291.56, 506.80, 687.00, 866.78 and 1069.99 g at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of age, respectively. Effect of season was significant (P<0.05) at all ages. Dry cold had the best performance in the early stages (4 to 12 weeks of age) of growth while wet season had the best at later stages (16 to 24 weeks of age). Dry hot had the least performance at all stages of growth. Males had significantly (P<0.05) higher body weights and body measurements than females. Significantly (P<0.05) better growth performance was recorded in year one than two. The study concluded that improvement in growth and morphometric characteristics of indigenous normal feathered chickens in semi-arid environment through selection should consider adjusting for season, sex and year.
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References
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Adeyinka, I. A., Oni, O. O., Nwagu, B. I. and Adeyinka, F. D. (2006). Genetic parameter estimates of body weight of naked neck broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(6): 589-592.
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Adomako, K. (2009). Local domestic chickens: Their potential and improvement. A Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kwame Nkurmah University of Science and Technology, Accra, Ghana. Pp 81-85.
Afrimash (2019). Common poultry diseases during the rainy season-signs, prevention and treatment. http:/www.afrimash.com/poutry disesae
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Ali, M. Y., Jahan, S. S., Das A. K. and Islam, M. A. (2015). Seasonal influence on productivity and profitability of small and medium scale broiler farming in Bangladesh. International Journal of Livestock Research 5(5):21-29.
Aliyu, J. (2012). Productivity Assessment of Four Strains of Indigenous Chicken in a Semi-Arid Region of North-Eastern Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Pp 54-69.
Al-Qamashoui, B., Mahgoub, O., Kadim, I. and Schlecht, E. (2014). Towards Conservation of Omani local chicken: Phenotypic characteristics, Management Practices and Performance traits. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences 6: 174-182.
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Butcher, G. D. and Yegani, M. (2009). Investigating vaccination failure in poultry. University of Florida Institute of Agricultural Sciences. www.thepoultryscience.com
De Rensis, F. and Scrammuzzi, R. J. (2003). Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in dairy cows. A Review. Theriogenology 60:1139-1151.
Ebangi, A. L. and Ibe, S. N. (1994): Heritabilities and genetic correlations between some growth traits in Nigerian local chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 21: 19-24.
Ebegbukem, V. N. and Okon, B. (2018). Genetic parameter estimates of Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in South –south region of Nigeria. Journal of Ethology and Animal Science 1(1):1-5.
Egena, S. S. A., Ijaiya, A. T., Ogah, D. M. and Aya, V. E. (2014). Principal component analysis of body measurements in a population of indigenous Nigerian chickens raised under extensive management system. Slovak Journal of Animal Science 47: 77 – 82.
Etta, H. E. (2020). Sexual dimorphism in a Cross River ecotype local chicken. Asian Journal of Applied Science 8(3):1-7.
Fadare, A. O. (2014). Morphometric and growth performance variations of naked neck, frizzled feathered and normal feathered crosses with exotic Giri-Raja chickens. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 10(4):811-820.
Faith, E. A., Yakubu, A., Agade, Y. A., Abimiku, H. K. and Mohammed, J. (2018). Sexual dimprphisms on body weight, morphometric and haematological parameters of indigenous chicken reared in lafia. Direct Research Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science 3(4):36-41.
Fayeye, T. R. (2011). Methods of improving the performance of local chickens. Monthly KWADPSMS Workshop and General Meeting, June 30, 2011, Ilorin, Nigeria.
FAO (2006). Food and Agriculture Organisation Statiscal Database,. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics data base. Rome, Italy. www.fao.org
Górecki, M. T., Nowaczewski, S. and Kontecka, H. (2012). Folia boil. Kraków 60(79):1-2.
Goubadia, E. E. (1997). The effect of seasonal variation on performance of egg type poultry: A case study of Mitchell Farms, Mosogar, Delta State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 24(2):101-105.
Gous, M. R. and Morris, T. R. (2005). Nutritional interventions in alleviating the effects of high temperatures in broiler production. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 61:463-475.
Guni, F. S and Katule, A. M. (2013). Characterization of local chickens in selected districts of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: I. Qualitative characters. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 25(9). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/9/guni25153.htm
Guni, F. S., Katule, A. M. and Mwakilambe, P. A. A. (2013). Characterization of local chickens in selected districts of the southern highlands of Tanzania: Production and morphometric traits. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(11):1-16.
Gunn, H. H. (2008). Effect of frizzling and naked gene on growth, haematology, carcass traits and organ weight of the Nigerian local chicken. A Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta.
Ige, A. O. (2013). Relationship between weight and growth traits of crossbred Fulani ecotype chicken in derived savannah zone of Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research 9(1):157-166.
Kataria, N., Kataria, A. K. and Gahlot, A. K. (2008). Ambient temperature associated variations in serum hormones and interrelated analytes of broiler chickens in arid tract. Slovakian Veterinary Research 45(4):127-134.
Kperegbeyi, J. I., Meye, J. A. and Ogboi, E. (2009). Local chicken production; strategy of household poultry development in coastal regions of Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of General Agriculture 5(1):17-20.
Lacetera, N. (2018). Impact of climate change on Animal health and welfare. Animal Frontiers 9(1):26-31.
Missohou, A., Dieye, P. N. and Talaki, E. (2002). Rural poultry production and productivity in southern Senegal. Livestock Research for Rural Development 14(2):49-54.
Momoh, O. M. (2005). Genetic and phenotype evaluation of the Nigerian heavy chicken ecotype and its crossbreds with light ecotype. Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Pp: 41-104.
Moreki, J. C., Dikeme, R. and Porogba, B. (2010). The role of village poultry in food security and HIV/AIDS mitigation in Chobe district of Bostwana. Livestock Resource for Rural Development 22(3):1-5.
Muiriri, H. K. and Harrison, P. C. (1991). Effect of roost temperature on performance of chicken on hot ambient environment. Poultry Science 70:2253-2258.
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Nwosu, C. C., Gowe, F. and Okpan, I. A. (1985). A biometrical study of the conformation of the native chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 12:141-146.
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Olawunmi, O. O., Salako, A. E. and Afuwape, A. A. (2008). Morphometric differentiation and assessment of function of the Fulani and Yoruba ecotype indigenous chickens of Nigeria. International Journal of Morphology 26(4): 975-980.
Oleferuh-Okoleh, V. U., Kurutsi, R. F. and Ideozu, H. M. (2017). Phenotypic evaluation of growth traits in two Nigerian local chicken genotypes. Animal Research International 14(1):2611-2618.
Olusegun, O., Aderemi, F., Lawal, T. E. and Alabi, F. (2008). The influence of seasonal variation on performance of a commercial laying strain in a derived environment in Nigeria. Nigerian Poultry Science Journal 5(2):75-82.
Onasanya, G. O., Ikeobi, C. O. N. and Amusan, S. A. (2018). Morphostructural profiling of comb types and plumage pigmentation and their influences on ecometric traits of extensively-managed Nigerian indigenous chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology 1(2):10 – 17.
Patra, M. K., Hajra, D., Das, R. K. and Sarkar, P. (2016). Effect of season on growth and reproduction performance of improved backyard poultry in northeastern hill region. Indian Journal of Animal Research 1(1):1-6.
Perry, B. D., Randlof, T. F., McDormott, J. J. and Thornton, P. K. (2002). Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, Pp 148.
Raji, A. O., Igwebuike, J. U. and Usman M. T. (2009). Zoometrical body measurements and their relation with live weight in matured local Muscovy ducks in Borno state, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 4(3):58-62.
Ranjan, A., Sinha, R., Devi, I., Rahim, A. and Tiwari, S. (2019). Effect of heat stress on poultry production and management approaches. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8(2):1548-1555.
Rushen, J. and Passile, A. M. (2015). The importance of good stockmanship and its benefit to animals. In: Gradin T (Edi), Improving Animal welfare: A practical approach Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Pp.125-138.
Sarma, M., Borah, M. K., Kalita, K. P., Mahanta, J. D., Kalita, N., Talukdar, J. K., Deka, P., Amonge, T. K. and Islam, R. (2019). Effect of season on performance of broiler chicken under deep litter system of management in Assam. International Journal of Livestock Research 9(7):1-9.
SAS (2002). Statistical Analysis System, User’s guide: statistics, 8.6 ed, SAS‟s Institute Inc., Carry, North Carolina, USA.
Schillo, K. K., Hall, J. B. and Hileman, S. M. (1992). Effect of nutrition on season on the onset of puberty in the beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 70:3994-4005.
Shukla, P. K. and Amitav, B. (2020). Poultry management in rainy season. Poultry Punch –English Monthly Magazine, 26th August, 2020. Pp 1-7.
Sohail, M. U., Hume, M. E., Byrd, J. A., Nisbet, D.J., Ijaz, A., Sohail, A., Shabbir, M. Z. and Rehman, H. (2012). Effect of supplementation of prebiotic mannanoligosaccharides and probiotic mixture on growth performance of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Poultry Science 91:2235-2240.
Sola-Ojo, F. E., Ayorinde, K. L., Bolu, S. and Toye, A. A. (2011). Sexual dimorphism in growth traits and carcass characteristics in the Nigrian Fulani ecotype chickens. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 5(3): 371-377.
Williamson, G. and Payne, W. J. A. (1978). An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 3rd edition Longman. Buller and Tanner, London, Pp 2-28.
Yunusa, A. J. and Adeoti, T. M. (2014). Multivariate analysis for body weight and some linear body measurements of Nigerian indigenous chickens. Slovak Journal Animal Science 47: 142 – 148.
Adedeji, T. A., Ojedapo, L. O., Ige, A. O., Ameen, S. A., Akinwumi, A. O. and Amao, S. R. (2008). Genetic evaluation of growth performance of pure and crossbred progenies in a derived savannah environment. Proceedings of 13th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, Sept.15-19, Zaria, Kaduna State: Ahmadu Bello University. Pp: 8-12.
Adeleke, M. A., Peters, S. O., Ozoje, M. O., Ikeobi, C. O. N., Bamgbose, A. M. and Adebambo, O. A. (2010). Growth performance of Nigerian local chickens in crosses involving an exotic broiler breeder. Tropical Animal health and production 43(3):643-660.
Adeleke, M. A., Peters, S. O., Ozoje, M. O., Ikeobi, C.O. N., Bamgbose, A. M. and Adebambo, A. O. (2011). Genetic parameter estimates for body weight and linear body measurement in pure and crossbred progenies of Nigerian indigenous chickens. Livestock Research for Rural Development 23(1):1-8.
Adeniji, F. O. and Ayorinde, K. L. (1990). Prediction of body weight from body measurement of chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 17: 42-47.
Adeyinka, I. A., Oni, O. O., Nwagu, B. I. and Adeyinka, F. D. (2006). Genetic parameter estimates of body weight of naked neck broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(6): 589-592.
Adeoye, A. A., Udoh, J. E. and Oladepo, A. D. (2019). Sexual differentiation and phenotypic and phenotypic correlations among biometric traits of Nigerian local turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46(5):1-6.
Adomako, K. (2009). Local domestic chickens: Their potential and improvement. A Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kwame Nkurmah University of Science and Technology, Accra, Ghana. Pp 81-85.
Afrimash (2019). Common poultry diseases during the rainy season-signs, prevention and treatment. http:/www.afrimash.com/poutry disesae
Ajayi, F. O. (2010). Nigerian Indigenous Chicken: A valuable Genetic Resource for Meat and egg production. Asian Journal of Poultry Science 4:164-172.
Ali, M. Y., Jahan, S. S., Das A. K. and Islam, M. A. (2015). Seasonal influence on productivity and profitability of small and medium scale broiler farming in Bangladesh. International Journal of Livestock Research 5(5):21-29.
Aliyu, J. (2012). Productivity Assessment of Four Strains of Indigenous Chicken in a Semi-Arid Region of North-Eastern Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Pp 54-69.
Al-Qamashoui, B., Mahgoub, O., Kadim, I. and Schlecht, E. (2014). Towards Conservation of Omani local chicken: Phenotypic characteristics, Management Practices and Performance traits. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences 6: 174-182.
Ayo, J. O., Obidi, J. A. and Rekwot, P. I. (2011). Effect of heat stress on the well-being, fertility, and hatchability of chickens in the northern guinea savannah zone of Nigeria: A Review. International scholarly Research Network Veterinary Science 2:1-10.
Bunmi, O., Nyanganji, J. K. and Mayomi, I. (2016). Geospatial Surveillance of the Degraded River Komodugu-Gana Area, Potiskum, Yobe State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Issues and Agriculture in Developing Countries 8(2):2141-2731.
Butcher, G. D. and Yegani, M. (2009). Investigating vaccination failure in poultry. University of Florida Institute of Agricultural Sciences. www.thepoultryscience.com
De Rensis, F. and Scrammuzzi, R. J. (2003). Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in dairy cows. A Review. Theriogenology 60:1139-1151.
Ebangi, A. L. and Ibe, S. N. (1994): Heritabilities and genetic correlations between some growth traits in Nigerian local chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 21: 19-24.
Ebegbukem, V. N. and Okon, B. (2018). Genetic parameter estimates of Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in South –south region of Nigeria. Journal of Ethology and Animal Science 1(1):1-5.
Egena, S. S. A., Ijaiya, A. T., Ogah, D. M. and Aya, V. E. (2014). Principal component analysis of body measurements in a population of indigenous Nigerian chickens raised under extensive management system. Slovak Journal of Animal Science 47: 77 – 82.
Etta, H. E. (2020). Sexual dimorphism in a Cross River ecotype local chicken. Asian Journal of Applied Science 8(3):1-7.
Fadare, A. O. (2014). Morphometric and growth performance variations of naked neck, frizzled feathered and normal feathered crosses with exotic Giri-Raja chickens. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 10(4):811-820.
Faith, E. A., Yakubu, A., Agade, Y. A., Abimiku, H. K. and Mohammed, J. (2018). Sexual dimprphisms on body weight, morphometric and haematological parameters of indigenous chicken reared in lafia. Direct Research Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science 3(4):36-41.
Fayeye, T. R. (2011). Methods of improving the performance of local chickens. Monthly KWADPSMS Workshop and General Meeting, June 30, 2011, Ilorin, Nigeria.
FAO (2006). Food and Agriculture Organisation Statiscal Database,. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics data base. Rome, Italy. www.fao.org
Górecki, M. T., Nowaczewski, S. and Kontecka, H. (2012). Folia boil. Kraków 60(79):1-2.
Goubadia, E. E. (1997). The effect of seasonal variation on performance of egg type poultry: A case study of Mitchell Farms, Mosogar, Delta State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 24(2):101-105.
Gous, M. R. and Morris, T. R. (2005). Nutritional interventions in alleviating the effects of high temperatures in broiler production. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 61:463-475.
Guni, F. S and Katule, A. M. (2013). Characterization of local chickens in selected districts of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: I. Qualitative characters. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 25(9). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/9/guni25153.htm
Guni, F. S., Katule, A. M. and Mwakilambe, P. A. A. (2013). Characterization of local chickens in selected districts of the southern highlands of Tanzania: Production and morphometric traits. Livestock Research for Rural Development 25(11):1-16.
Gunn, H. H. (2008). Effect of frizzling and naked gene on growth, haematology, carcass traits and organ weight of the Nigerian local chicken. A Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta.
Ige, A. O. (2013). Relationship between weight and growth traits of crossbred Fulani ecotype chicken in derived savannah zone of Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research 9(1):157-166.
Kataria, N., Kataria, A. K. and Gahlot, A. K. (2008). Ambient temperature associated variations in serum hormones and interrelated analytes of broiler chickens in arid tract. Slovakian Veterinary Research 45(4):127-134.
Kperegbeyi, J. I., Meye, J. A. and Ogboi, E. (2009). Local chicken production; strategy of household poultry development in coastal regions of Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of General Agriculture 5(1):17-20.
Lacetera, N. (2018). Impact of climate change on Animal health and welfare. Animal Frontiers 9(1):26-31.
Missohou, A., Dieye, P. N. and Talaki, E. (2002). Rural poultry production and productivity in southern Senegal. Livestock Research for Rural Development 14(2):49-54.
Momoh, O. M. (2005). Genetic and phenotype evaluation of the Nigerian heavy chicken ecotype and its crossbreds with light ecotype. Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Pp: 41-104.
Moreki, J. C., Dikeme, R. and Porogba, B. (2010). The role of village poultry in food security and HIV/AIDS mitigation in Chobe district of Bostwana. Livestock Resource for Rural Development 22(3):1-5.
Muiriri, H. K. and Harrison, P. C. (1991). Effect of roost temperature on performance of chicken on hot ambient environment. Poultry Science 70:2253-2258.
NIMET. (2014). Nigeria Metrological Agency. Annual Report. http//www.scirp.org
Nwosu, C. C., Gowe, F. and Okpan, I. A. (1985). A biometrical study of the conformation of the native chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 12:141-146.
Odeh, O. (2010). Nigeria: Ban on Chicken Import Creates 20 m Jobs. Retrieved on 13th November, 2017 from All Africa: http://allafrica.com/stories/201011170218.html.
Olawunmi, O. O., Salako, A. E. and Afuwape, A. A. (2008). Morphometric differentiation and assessment of function of the Fulani and Yoruba ecotype indigenous chickens of Nigeria. International Journal of Morphology 26(4): 975-980.
Oleferuh-Okoleh, V. U., Kurutsi, R. F. and Ideozu, H. M. (2017). Phenotypic evaluation of growth traits in two Nigerian local chicken genotypes. Animal Research International 14(1):2611-2618.
Olusegun, O., Aderemi, F., Lawal, T. E. and Alabi, F. (2008). The influence of seasonal variation on performance of a commercial laying strain in a derived environment in Nigeria. Nigerian Poultry Science Journal 5(2):75-82.
Onasanya, G. O., Ikeobi, C. O. N. and Amusan, S. A. (2018). Morphostructural profiling of comb types and plumage pigmentation and their influences on ecometric traits of extensively-managed Nigerian indigenous chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology 1(2):10 – 17.
Patra, M. K., Hajra, D., Das, R. K. and Sarkar, P. (2016). Effect of season on growth and reproduction performance of improved backyard poultry in northeastern hill region. Indian Journal of Animal Research 1(1):1-6.
Perry, B. D., Randlof, T. F., McDormott, J. J. and Thornton, P. K. (2002). Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, Pp 148.
Raji, A. O., Igwebuike, J. U. and Usman M. T. (2009). Zoometrical body measurements and their relation with live weight in matured local Muscovy ducks in Borno state, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 4(3):58-62.
Ranjan, A., Sinha, R., Devi, I., Rahim, A. and Tiwari, S. (2019). Effect of heat stress on poultry production and management approaches. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8(2):1548-1555.
Rushen, J. and Passile, A. M. (2015). The importance of good stockmanship and its benefit to animals. In: Gradin T (Edi), Improving Animal welfare: A practical approach Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Pp.125-138.
Sarma, M., Borah, M. K., Kalita, K. P., Mahanta, J. D., Kalita, N., Talukdar, J. K., Deka, P., Amonge, T. K. and Islam, R. (2019). Effect of season on performance of broiler chicken under deep litter system of management in Assam. International Journal of Livestock Research 9(7):1-9.
SAS (2002). Statistical Analysis System, User’s guide: statistics, 8.6 ed, SAS‟s Institute Inc., Carry, North Carolina, USA.
Schillo, K. K., Hall, J. B. and Hileman, S. M. (1992). Effect of nutrition on season on the onset of puberty in the beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 70:3994-4005.
Shukla, P. K. and Amitav, B. (2020). Poultry management in rainy season. Poultry Punch –English Monthly Magazine, 26th August, 2020. Pp 1-7.
Sohail, M. U., Hume, M. E., Byrd, J. A., Nisbet, D.J., Ijaz, A., Sohail, A., Shabbir, M. Z. and Rehman, H. (2012). Effect of supplementation of prebiotic mannanoligosaccharides and probiotic mixture on growth performance of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Poultry Science 91:2235-2240.
Sola-Ojo, F. E., Ayorinde, K. L., Bolu, S. and Toye, A. A. (2011). Sexual dimorphism in growth traits and carcass characteristics in the Nigrian Fulani ecotype chickens. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 5(3): 371-377.
Williamson, G. and Payne, W. J. A. (1978). An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 3rd edition Longman. Buller and Tanner, London, Pp 2-28.
Yunusa, A. J. and Adeoti, T. M. (2014). Multivariate analysis for body weight and some linear body measurements of Nigerian indigenous chickens. Slovak Journal Animal Science 47: 142 – 148.
Published
2023-08-12
How to Cite
Lamido, M., Alade, N. K., Aliyu, J., Mukaddas, J., Shettima, S.M., & Ibrahim, M. M. (2023). Effects of Sex, Season and Year on Growth Performance of Indigenous Normal Feathered Chickens in a Semi-Arid Environment of Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 6(2), 103 -116. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/262
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