Evaluation of Dietary Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Leaf Powder as Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Haematology, Serum Biochemistry, Carcass and Organ Indices of Broiler Chickens
Keywords:
Broiler chickens, Momordica charantia, haematology, serum biochemistry, Carcass yield
Abstract
A 56-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Momordica charantia leaf meal (MC) as alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on haematology, serum biochemistry, carcass and organ characteristics of broiler chickens. Five (5) diets, designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were formulated. T1 represents the basal diet/control negative, T2 (control positive) contained in addition to the basal diet, 5 g avilamycin/kg, T3 (basal diet + 2g MC/kg), T4 (basal diet + 4g MC/kg), and T5 (basal diet + 6g MC/kg). Three hundred (300) day-old Abor acres broiler chickens were assigned to the five diets in triplicates containing twenty (20) birds each in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were served ad libitum. Data was collected for blood indices, carcass and organ characteristics. Results showed a significant (P<0.05) effect of MC on all haematological and serum biochemical constituents. Packed Cell Volume, RBC, and Hb were higher in birds fed diets T1, T2 and T3 while parameters such as urea, bilirubin and glucose were higher (P<0.05) on T5. Higher than 2 g/kg supplementation of MC (T4, T5), revealed a reduction in live weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage of birds. Therefore, it was concluded that Momordica charantia leaf powder at 2 g/kg feed can replace avilamycin® (Antibiotic growth promoter) in broiler chicken diets without any deleterious effect on blood indices, carcass and organ characteristics.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdelli, N., Sola-Oriol, D. and Perez, J. F. (2021). Phytogenic feed additives in Poultry: Achievements, Prospects and Challenges. Animals, 11: 3471.
Aji, S. B., Ignatius, K., Ado, Y. A., Nuhu, J. B., Abdulkarim, A., Aliyu, U. et al. (2011). Effect of feeding onion and garlic on some performance characteristics of broiler chickens. Research Journal of poultry Science, 4(2): 22 – 27.
Akhavan-Salamat, H. and Ghasemi, H. A. (2016). Alleviation of chronic heat stress in broilers by dietary supplementation of betaine and turmeric rhizome powder: dynamics of performance, leucocyte profile, humoral immunity and antioxidant status. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 48: 181 – 188.
Akram, Md. W., Aziz, F. B., Islam, R., Hasan, Md., M., Sarkar, S., Parvez, M. M. and Ripa, S. A. (2018). Effects of tulsi leaves and ginger solution on growth performance and hematological profiles of broilers. Asian-Australian Journal of Bioscience and Technology. 3(2): 143 -149.
Akram, M. Z., Salman, M., Jala, H., Asghar, U., Ali, Z., Javed, M. H. and Khan, M. (2019). Evaluation of dietary supplementation of Aloe Vera as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, 3: 21 – 26.
Ali, A., Ponnampalam, E. N., Pushpakumara, G., Cottrell, J. J., Suleria, H, A. R. and Dunshea, F. R (2021). Cinnamon: A natural feed additive for poultry health and production – A Review. Animals, 11:2026
Alkassie, G. A. (2009). Influence of two plant extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon on broiler performance. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29: 169 – 173.
Al-Khalaifah, A., Al-Nasser, A., Al-Surrayai, T., Sultan, H., Al-Attal, D., Al-Kandari, R. et al. (2022). Effect of ginger powder on production performance, antioxidant status, haematological parameters, digestibility and plasma cholesterol content in broiler chickens, Animals, 12: 901.
Ampode, K. M. and Asimpen, S. M. (2021). Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder as phytogenic feed additive improves the production performance and immune organ indices of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 9(4): 362 - 370
Anjum, F., Shahid, M., Bukhari, S. A. and Anwar, S. (2012). Study of quality characteristics and efficacy of extraction solvent/technique on the antioxidant activity of bitter gourd seed. International Journal of Food Processing Technology, 4: 205.
AOAC. (2011). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th edition, Arlington, VA.
Aydin, G. and Kaya, E. (2020). A Review: Momordica charantia L.’s biological active components and its potential use in traditional threapes. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 1(2): 79 -95.
Biomin (2020). Biomin Phytogenic Feed Additive Survey Results. Accessed 26th January 2023 from https://www.biomin.net/science-hub/2020-biominr-phytogenic-feed-additive-survey-results.
Branson, W. R., Greg, J.H. and Linder, R.H. (1994). Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth, Florida, U.S.A. pp 1341.
Bravo, D., Pirgozliev, V. and Rose, S. P. (2014). A mixture of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and Capsicum oleoresin improves energy utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens fed maize-based diet. Journal of Animal Science, 92: 1531 -1536.
CDD, (1990). Clinical Diagnostic Division. Veterinary Reference Guide: A Summary of Reference Intervals for use with Kodak Ektachem Products. Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York pp 64.
Daramola, O. T. (2019). Medicinal plants leaf meal supplementation in broiler chickens: Effects on performance characteristics, serum metabolite and antioxidant status. Animal Research International, 16(2): 3334 – 3342.
Durrani, F. R., Sultan, A., Jan, M., Chand, N. and Durrani, Z. (2018). Immunomodulatory and growth promoting effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves infusion in broiler chicks. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 24(4): 655 – 660.
El-Hack, M. E., El-Saadony, M. T., El-Bestawy, A. R., Gado, A. R., Nader, M. M., Saad, A. M. et al. (2022). Hot red pepper as a safe alternative to antibiotics in organic poultry feed: An updated overview, Poultry Science, 101(4): 101684.
Eti, N. N., Williams, M. E., Akpabio, U. and Offiong, E. E. A. (2014). Haematological parameters and factors affecting their values. Agricultural science, 2 (1): 37 - 47
Feedipedia (2023). Animal Feed Resource Information System: Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia). Retrieved 29th January 2023 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/632.
Feiyang, M., Shixin, X., Zhaoxin, T., Zekun, L. and Lu, Z. (2020). Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans. Biosafety and Health, 3:32 – 38.
Hameed, H. M. (2021). Feed Additives in Poultry. Assuit Veterinary Medicine Journal, 67(168): 1- 14.
Hussein, R., Perveen, R., Murtaza, A., Huali, X., Manzoor, M. S., Younas, S. et al. (2022). Medicinal and growth promoting properties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and its extracts. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 34(37A): 66 – 76.
Islam Khan, Md. S., Prodhan. Md. S., Islam, Md, S., Hasan, Md. N., and Islam, Md. S. (2017). Effect of garlic extract on growth performance and haematological parameters of broilers. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 3(3): 317 – 322.
Islam, M. M., Khalil, K. K. I., Islam, M. A., Sujan, K. M., Mustari, A. and Miah, M. A. (2019). Effects of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel on growth performance and haemato-biochemical profiles in broiler chickens. The Bangladesh Veterinarian, 36(1-2): 25 – 32.
Jahan, M. S., Khairunnesa, M., Afrin, S. and Ali, M. S. (2015). Dietary black cumin (Nizella sativa) seed meal on growth and meat yield performance of broilers. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 13(2): 151 – 160.
Jain, N. C. (1993). Essentials of Veterinary Haematology, Lea and Fabiger, Philadelphia. pp 133-168.
Karangiya, V. K., Savhani, H. H., Patil, S. S., Garg, D. D., Murthy, K. S., Ribadiya, N. K. et al. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic, ginger and their combination on feed intake, growth performance and economics in commercial broilers. Veterinary World, 9(3): 245 – 250.
Lotha, R. K. and Vidyarthi, V. K. (2020). Addition of Aloe Vera pulp died powder in the diet on performance of Vanaraja birds. Livestock Research international. 8(4): 186–192.
Madhupriya, V., Shamsudeen, P., Raj Manohar, G., Senthilkumar, S., Soundarapandiyan, V. and Moorthy, M. (2018). Phyto feed additives in poultry nutrition- A review. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 7(3): 815 – 822.
Mekonnen, A. T and Wondmeneh, T. G. (2022). Evaluation of liver function tests to identify hepatotoxicity among acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients who are receiving chemotherapy induction. Scientific Reports, 12: 13215.
Nanbol, D. L., Duru, B. N., Nanbol, H. D., Abiliu, C. A., Anueyegu, D. M., Kumbish, P. R. et al. (2016). Establishment of reference values for some biochemical and haematological parameters for broilers and layers in Plateau State Nigeria. Vom Journal of Veterinary Science. 11, 30-35.
Olagoke, O. C., Akinwumi, A. O. and Emiola, I. A. (2019). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and their combinations. International Journal of research in Agricultural Science, 6 (5): 2348 – 3997.
Oyelere, S. F., Ajayi, O. H., Ayoade, T. E., Pereira, G. B. S., Owoyemi, B, C. D. Ilesanmi, A. O. and Akinyemi, O. A. (2022). A detailed review of the phytochemical profile and anti-diabetic mechanisms of Momordica charantia, Heliyon, e09253.
Perera, W. H., Shivanagoudra, S. R., Perez, J. L., Kim, D. M., Sun, Y. K. et al., (2021). Antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, properties and In-silica modelling of curcubitane-type triterpene glycosides from fruits of an Indian cultivar of Momordica charantia L. Molecules, 26: 1038.
Pirgozliev, V., Beccaccia, A. and Rose, S. P. (2015). Partitioning of dietary energy of chickens fed maize- or wheat-based diets with or without a commercial blend of phytogenic feed additives. Journal of Animal Science, 93:
Punch (2018, December, 6). Nigeria bans antibiotics for growth promotion in animal feed. https://punchng.com/nafdac-bans-use-of-antibiotics-in-animal-feed/
Ravindran, P.S. and Savakanessan, N.O. (1996). The influence of growth performance, carcass characteristics and economics of production of starter broilers. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 6, 1323-1327.
Reda, F. M., El-Saadony, M. T., El-Rayes, T. K., Attia, A. I., El-Sayed, S. A., Ahmed, et al. (2021). Use of biological nano zinc as a feed additive in quail nutrition: biosynthesis, antimicrobial activity and its effect on growth, feed utilization, blood metabolites and intestinal microbiota. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20: 324 – 335.
Regassa, T., Koelsch, R., Wortmann, C. and Abunyewa, A. (2009). Antibiotic use in Animal production: Environmental concerns. University of Nebraska, Lincoln Extension RP 196.
Salami, R.T. Longe, O.G. and Oluyemi, J.A. (2004). Effect of dietary protein on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science. 31, 27-31.
Sathya, A., Ambikapathy, B. and Panneer, S. (2012). Studies on the phytochemistry, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant properties of Cassia occidentalis L. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2(4): 530 – 533.
Shirzadegan, K. (2014). Reactions of modern broiler chickens to administration of cinnamon powder in the diets. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 4: 367 – 371.
Siahaan, V. N. S., Wahyuni, T. H., Daulay, A. H. and Lubis, S. R. (2021). Utilization of Golden Snail Flour 548 (GSF) in ration of quail. Jurnal Peternakan Integratif. 8 (3): 195 – 202.
SPSS (2017). Statistical Package for Social Sciences. IBM corporation released August, 2017. IBM SPSS, statistics for windows, version 25.0. Armonk, New York.
Stanacev, V., Glamocic, D., Milosevic, N., Puvaca, N., Stanacev, V. and Plavsa, N, (2011). Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in fattening chicks’ nutrition. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6: 943 – 948.
Suliman, G. M., Alowaimer, A. N., Al-Mufarrej, S. I., Hussein, E. O. S., Fazea, E. H.Naiel, M. A. E. (2020). The effects of clove seed (Syzygium aromaticum) dietary administration on carcass characteristics, meat quality and sensory attributes of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.009
Tapan, B., Keshav, K., Ciprian, B., Marius, R., Delia, C. N., Cristiana, B. et al. (2021). Exploring the multifocal role of phytochemicals as immunomodulators, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 133.
Umar, M. I., (2017). Effects of oral administration of Momordica charantia on haematological parameters of adult albino rats. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 10(2): 52 – 56.
Umatiya, R. V., Srivastava, A. K., Pawar, M. M., Chauhan, H. D. and Jain, A. K. (2018). Effficacy of ginger (Allium sativum) powder as phytogenic feed additives in diet of broiler chickens. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(3): 1136 -1140.
Valyaie, A., Azizi, M., Kashi, A., Sathasivam, R., Park, S. U., Sugiyama, A., et al. (2021). Evaluation of growth, yield and biochemical attributes of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) cultivars under Karaj conditions in Iran. Plants, 10, 1370.
WikiVet, (2023). Chicken Biochemistry. Retrieved 21st January, 2023 from http://en.wikivet.net?chicken_Biochemistry.
Windisch, W. M., Schedle, K., Plitzner, C. and Kroismayr, A. (2007). Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science, 86: 140 -148.
Yang, Y. F., Zhao, L. L., Shao, Y. X., Liao, X. D., Zhang, L. Y., Lu, L. and Luo, X. G. (2019). Effects of dietary graded levels of cinnamon essential oil and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid on immune function, antioxidative ability and intestinal microbiota of broilers. Journal of Integrated Agriculture, 18: 2123 -2132.
Zahan, S., Moula, T. E., Uddin, S. M. N., Hossain, M. K., Mannan, A. B., Rahman, M. et al. (2021). Evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological properties of seeds of Momordica charantia, Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 10(5): 448 – 459.
Zhang L, Zhang M, Huang W, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Wei Z. Optimization on cellulase and ultrasonic wave assisted extraction technology of M. charantia polysaccharides. Nongye Jixie Xuebao= Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery. 2010;41(11):142-147.
Aji, S. B., Ignatius, K., Ado, Y. A., Nuhu, J. B., Abdulkarim, A., Aliyu, U. et al. (2011). Effect of feeding onion and garlic on some performance characteristics of broiler chickens. Research Journal of poultry Science, 4(2): 22 – 27.
Akhavan-Salamat, H. and Ghasemi, H. A. (2016). Alleviation of chronic heat stress in broilers by dietary supplementation of betaine and turmeric rhizome powder: dynamics of performance, leucocyte profile, humoral immunity and antioxidant status. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 48: 181 – 188.
Akram, Md. W., Aziz, F. B., Islam, R., Hasan, Md., M., Sarkar, S., Parvez, M. M. and Ripa, S. A. (2018). Effects of tulsi leaves and ginger solution on growth performance and hematological profiles of broilers. Asian-Australian Journal of Bioscience and Technology. 3(2): 143 -149.
Akram, M. Z., Salman, M., Jala, H., Asghar, U., Ali, Z., Javed, M. H. and Khan, M. (2019). Evaluation of dietary supplementation of Aloe Vera as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, 3: 21 – 26.
Ali, A., Ponnampalam, E. N., Pushpakumara, G., Cottrell, J. J., Suleria, H, A. R. and Dunshea, F. R (2021). Cinnamon: A natural feed additive for poultry health and production – A Review. Animals, 11:2026
Alkassie, G. A. (2009). Influence of two plant extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon on broiler performance. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29: 169 – 173.
Al-Khalaifah, A., Al-Nasser, A., Al-Surrayai, T., Sultan, H., Al-Attal, D., Al-Kandari, R. et al. (2022). Effect of ginger powder on production performance, antioxidant status, haematological parameters, digestibility and plasma cholesterol content in broiler chickens, Animals, 12: 901.
Ampode, K. M. and Asimpen, S. M. (2021). Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder as phytogenic feed additive improves the production performance and immune organ indices of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 9(4): 362 - 370
Anjum, F., Shahid, M., Bukhari, S. A. and Anwar, S. (2012). Study of quality characteristics and efficacy of extraction solvent/technique on the antioxidant activity of bitter gourd seed. International Journal of Food Processing Technology, 4: 205.
AOAC. (2011). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th edition, Arlington, VA.
Aydin, G. and Kaya, E. (2020). A Review: Momordica charantia L.’s biological active components and its potential use in traditional threapes. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 1(2): 79 -95.
Biomin (2020). Biomin Phytogenic Feed Additive Survey Results. Accessed 26th January 2023 from https://www.biomin.net/science-hub/2020-biominr-phytogenic-feed-additive-survey-results.
Branson, W. R., Greg, J.H. and Linder, R.H. (1994). Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Wingers Publishing, Inc., Lake Worth, Florida, U.S.A. pp 1341.
Bravo, D., Pirgozliev, V. and Rose, S. P. (2014). A mixture of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and Capsicum oleoresin improves energy utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens fed maize-based diet. Journal of Animal Science, 92: 1531 -1536.
CDD, (1990). Clinical Diagnostic Division. Veterinary Reference Guide: A Summary of Reference Intervals for use with Kodak Ektachem Products. Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York pp 64.
Daramola, O. T. (2019). Medicinal plants leaf meal supplementation in broiler chickens: Effects on performance characteristics, serum metabolite and antioxidant status. Animal Research International, 16(2): 3334 – 3342.
Durrani, F. R., Sultan, A., Jan, M., Chand, N. and Durrani, Z. (2018). Immunomodulatory and growth promoting effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves infusion in broiler chicks. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 24(4): 655 – 660.
El-Hack, M. E., El-Saadony, M. T., El-Bestawy, A. R., Gado, A. R., Nader, M. M., Saad, A. M. et al. (2022). Hot red pepper as a safe alternative to antibiotics in organic poultry feed: An updated overview, Poultry Science, 101(4): 101684.
Eti, N. N., Williams, M. E., Akpabio, U. and Offiong, E. E. A. (2014). Haematological parameters and factors affecting their values. Agricultural science, 2 (1): 37 - 47
Feedipedia (2023). Animal Feed Resource Information System: Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia). Retrieved 29th January 2023 from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/632.
Feiyang, M., Shixin, X., Zhaoxin, T., Zekun, L. and Lu, Z. (2020). Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans. Biosafety and Health, 3:32 – 38.
Hameed, H. M. (2021). Feed Additives in Poultry. Assuit Veterinary Medicine Journal, 67(168): 1- 14.
Hussein, R., Perveen, R., Murtaza, A., Huali, X., Manzoor, M. S., Younas, S. et al. (2022). Medicinal and growth promoting properties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and its extracts. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 34(37A): 66 – 76.
Islam Khan, Md. S., Prodhan. Md. S., Islam, Md, S., Hasan, Md. N., and Islam, Md. S. (2017). Effect of garlic extract on growth performance and haematological parameters of broilers. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 3(3): 317 – 322.
Islam, M. M., Khalil, K. K. I., Islam, M. A., Sujan, K. M., Mustari, A. and Miah, M. A. (2019). Effects of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel on growth performance and haemato-biochemical profiles in broiler chickens. The Bangladesh Veterinarian, 36(1-2): 25 – 32.
Jahan, M. S., Khairunnesa, M., Afrin, S. and Ali, M. S. (2015). Dietary black cumin (Nizella sativa) seed meal on growth and meat yield performance of broilers. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 13(2): 151 – 160.
Jain, N. C. (1993). Essentials of Veterinary Haematology, Lea and Fabiger, Philadelphia. pp 133-168.
Karangiya, V. K., Savhani, H. H., Patil, S. S., Garg, D. D., Murthy, K. S., Ribadiya, N. K. et al. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic, ginger and their combination on feed intake, growth performance and economics in commercial broilers. Veterinary World, 9(3): 245 – 250.
Lotha, R. K. and Vidyarthi, V. K. (2020). Addition of Aloe Vera pulp died powder in the diet on performance of Vanaraja birds. Livestock Research international. 8(4): 186–192.
Madhupriya, V., Shamsudeen, P., Raj Manohar, G., Senthilkumar, S., Soundarapandiyan, V. and Moorthy, M. (2018). Phyto feed additives in poultry nutrition- A review. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 7(3): 815 – 822.
Mekonnen, A. T and Wondmeneh, T. G. (2022). Evaluation of liver function tests to identify hepatotoxicity among acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients who are receiving chemotherapy induction. Scientific Reports, 12: 13215.
Nanbol, D. L., Duru, B. N., Nanbol, H. D., Abiliu, C. A., Anueyegu, D. M., Kumbish, P. R. et al. (2016). Establishment of reference values for some biochemical and haematological parameters for broilers and layers in Plateau State Nigeria. Vom Journal of Veterinary Science. 11, 30-35.
Olagoke, O. C., Akinwumi, A. O. and Emiola, I. A. (2019). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and their combinations. International Journal of research in Agricultural Science, 6 (5): 2348 – 3997.
Oyelere, S. F., Ajayi, O. H., Ayoade, T. E., Pereira, G. B. S., Owoyemi, B, C. D. Ilesanmi, A. O. and Akinyemi, O. A. (2022). A detailed review of the phytochemical profile and anti-diabetic mechanisms of Momordica charantia, Heliyon, e09253.
Perera, W. H., Shivanagoudra, S. R., Perez, J. L., Kim, D. M., Sun, Y. K. et al., (2021). Antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, properties and In-silica modelling of curcubitane-type triterpene glycosides from fruits of an Indian cultivar of Momordica charantia L. Molecules, 26: 1038.
Pirgozliev, V., Beccaccia, A. and Rose, S. P. (2015). Partitioning of dietary energy of chickens fed maize- or wheat-based diets with or without a commercial blend of phytogenic feed additives. Journal of Animal Science, 93:
Punch (2018, December, 6). Nigeria bans antibiotics for growth promotion in animal feed. https://punchng.com/nafdac-bans-use-of-antibiotics-in-animal-feed/
Ravindran, P.S. and Savakanessan, N.O. (1996). The influence of growth performance, carcass characteristics and economics of production of starter broilers. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 6, 1323-1327.
Reda, F. M., El-Saadony, M. T., El-Rayes, T. K., Attia, A. I., El-Sayed, S. A., Ahmed, et al. (2021). Use of biological nano zinc as a feed additive in quail nutrition: biosynthesis, antimicrobial activity and its effect on growth, feed utilization, blood metabolites and intestinal microbiota. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20: 324 – 335.
Regassa, T., Koelsch, R., Wortmann, C. and Abunyewa, A. (2009). Antibiotic use in Animal production: Environmental concerns. University of Nebraska, Lincoln Extension RP 196.
Salami, R.T. Longe, O.G. and Oluyemi, J.A. (2004). Effect of dietary protein on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science. 31, 27-31.
Sathya, A., Ambikapathy, B. and Panneer, S. (2012). Studies on the phytochemistry, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant properties of Cassia occidentalis L. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2(4): 530 – 533.
Shirzadegan, K. (2014). Reactions of modern broiler chickens to administration of cinnamon powder in the diets. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 4: 367 – 371.
Siahaan, V. N. S., Wahyuni, T. H., Daulay, A. H. and Lubis, S. R. (2021). Utilization of Golden Snail Flour 548 (GSF) in ration of quail. Jurnal Peternakan Integratif. 8 (3): 195 – 202.
SPSS (2017). Statistical Package for Social Sciences. IBM corporation released August, 2017. IBM SPSS, statistics for windows, version 25.0. Armonk, New York.
Stanacev, V., Glamocic, D., Milosevic, N., Puvaca, N., Stanacev, V. and Plavsa, N, (2011). Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in fattening chicks’ nutrition. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6: 943 – 948.
Suliman, G. M., Alowaimer, A. N., Al-Mufarrej, S. I., Hussein, E. O. S., Fazea, E. H.Naiel, M. A. E. (2020). The effects of clove seed (Syzygium aromaticum) dietary administration on carcass characteristics, meat quality and sensory attributes of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.009
Tapan, B., Keshav, K., Ciprian, B., Marius, R., Delia, C. N., Cristiana, B. et al. (2021). Exploring the multifocal role of phytochemicals as immunomodulators, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 133.
Umar, M. I., (2017). Effects of oral administration of Momordica charantia on haematological parameters of adult albino rats. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 10(2): 52 – 56.
Umatiya, R. V., Srivastava, A. K., Pawar, M. M., Chauhan, H. D. and Jain, A. K. (2018). Effficacy of ginger (Allium sativum) powder as phytogenic feed additives in diet of broiler chickens. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(3): 1136 -1140.
Valyaie, A., Azizi, M., Kashi, A., Sathasivam, R., Park, S. U., Sugiyama, A., et al. (2021). Evaluation of growth, yield and biochemical attributes of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) cultivars under Karaj conditions in Iran. Plants, 10, 1370.
WikiVet, (2023). Chicken Biochemistry. Retrieved 21st January, 2023 from http://en.wikivet.net?chicken_Biochemistry.
Windisch, W. M., Schedle, K., Plitzner, C. and Kroismayr, A. (2007). Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science, 86: 140 -148.
Yang, Y. F., Zhao, L. L., Shao, Y. X., Liao, X. D., Zhang, L. Y., Lu, L. and Luo, X. G. (2019). Effects of dietary graded levels of cinnamon essential oil and its combination with bamboo leaf flavonoid on immune function, antioxidative ability and intestinal microbiota of broilers. Journal of Integrated Agriculture, 18: 2123 -2132.
Zahan, S., Moula, T. E., Uddin, S. M. N., Hossain, M. K., Mannan, A. B., Rahman, M. et al. (2021). Evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological properties of seeds of Momordica charantia, Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 10(5): 448 – 459.
Zhang L, Zhang M, Huang W, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Wei Z. Optimization on cellulase and ultrasonic wave assisted extraction technology of M. charantia polysaccharides. Nongye Jixie Xuebao= Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery. 2010;41(11):142-147.
Published
2023-06-09
How to Cite
Kawu, Y. U. (2023). Evaluation of Dietary Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Leaf Powder as Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Haematology, Serum Biochemistry, Carcass and Organ Indices of Broiler Chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 6(1), 40 - 51. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/241
Section
Articles
