Nutrient intake and Growth Performance of Yankasa Rams Fed Sorghum Stover Based Diets Containing Graded Levels of Urea and Cotton Seed Cake
Keywords:
Sorghum stover, Yankasa ram, growth performance, cotton seed cake, urea
Abstract
Eighty-four (84) days feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the response of growing Yankasa rams to complete sorghum stover based diets containing varying levels of different nitrogen sources with respect to nutrient intake, growth performance and economics of production. Complete diets containing 16% crude protein (CP) were prepared for the experiment. Urea was incorporated into the diets at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% vis-à-vis cottonseed cake at 20, 15, 10, 5 and 0% and designated as diets 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Twenty (20) growing Yankasa rams were used for the experiment and randomly allocated to five (5) treatment groups of four (4) animals each in a completely randomized designed (CRD). Rams were fed experimental diets and water ad libitum. The results of the experiment revealed significant (P<0.05) difference in the total feed intake (TFI) across the diets. Rams fed diets 3, 2 and 1 had higher intake (1142.09, 1133.68 and 1119.68g/day, respectively) while the least (886.30 g/day) was for those fed diet 4. Significantly (P<0.05) higher average daily weight gain (ADG) of 147.19 g/day was recorded in animals fed diet 3 while the lower values (66.14 and 84.00 g/day, respectively) were recorded in animals fed diets 4 and 5. Similarly, better fed utilization (7.17) was recorded in animals fed diet 3 while those on diet 4 had the least (12.53). Rams fed diet 3 had the lowest cost (N 550.10) per kg live-weight gain while animals on diet 4 had the highest (N 952). Higher feed cost savings of N 402.48 was recorded in animals fed diet 3, while those on diet 4 had no savings. Conclusively, animals fed diet 3 containing urea at 1% and cottonseed cake at 10% level of inclusion gave the better growth performance, feed conversion ratio and economics of production. Therefore, this diet can be recommended for growing Yankasa sheep.
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References
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Babu J., Nalini K. N., Raman R. Y., Raghunandan, T. and Sridhar, K. (2014) Effect of feeding sweet sorghum stover based complete ration on nutrient utilization in Nellore lambs. Veterinary World, 7(11): 970-975.
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Dewhurst, R. J., Davies D. R. and Merry R. J. (2000). Microbial protein supply from the rumen. Animal Feed Science Technology, 85:1–21
El‑Nomeary, Y. A. A., Abd El‑Rahman, H. H. H., Shoukry, M. M., Abedo, A. A., Salman, F. M. and Mohamed, M. I. (2021). Effect of different dietary protein sources on digestibility and growth performance parameters in lambs. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45(40): 1-11
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Jokthan G. E., Muhammad, S. A. and Osuhur, C. U. (2013). Effect of cottonseed cake replacement with broiler litter on performance of Yankasa rams fed maize husk basal diets. FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, 1:147-155
Khattab I. M., Salem A. Z. M, Abdel-Wahed A. M., Kewan K. Z. (2013). Effects of urea supplementation on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation in sheep fed diets containing dates. Livestock Science. 155:223-229.
Köster H. H., Woods B. C., Cochran R. C., Vanzant E. S., Titgemeyer E. C., Grieger D. M., Olson K. C., Stokka G. (2002). Effect of increasing proportion of supplemental N from urea in prepartum supplements on range beef cow performance and on forage intake and digestibility by steers fed low quality forages. Journal of Animal Science, 80:1652-1662.
Madhavi, K., Reddy, T. J., Reddy, Y. R. and Reddy, G. V. N. (2010). Growth rate and carcass characteristics of Nellore ram lambs fed on differently processed and detoxified neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake incorporated complete diets. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol. Animal Nutrition Feed Technology, 10:209-214.
Mayomi, I. and Mohamed, I. A. (2014). A decade of assessment of Maiduguri Urban expansion (2002-2012): Geospatial approach. Global Journal Human Science 14(2):1-6
Millam, J. J., Joel, M., and Eli, B. A. (2020). Xylanase and glucanase supplementation on growth performance and blood profile of Yankasa rams fed crop residues. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 5(5):166–172.
Millam, J. J., Waja, A and Papas, H. (2021). Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Yankasa Rams Fed Crop Residue Supplemented with Varying Levels of Xylanase and Glucanase Combinations International Journal of Agriculture and Earth, 7(1) 73-83
Minitab Inc. (2014). Minitab statistical analytical package, version 16
Muhammad, N., Maigandi, S.A., Hassan, W.A. and Daneji, A.I. (2008). Growth performance and economics of sheep production fed varying levels of rice milling waste. Sokoto journal of veterinary science. 7(1):59-64.
Nagi, P. R. S., Reddy, D. N., Nagalakshmi, D., Reddy, Y. R. and Raghunandan, T. (2012) Effect of particle size of paddy straw on physical characteristics and performance of lambs fed paddy straw based complete diets. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology,12:111-119
Nayawo, A. A., Isyaku, S. Mijinyawa, M. A. Ehoche, O. W., Otaru, S. M. and Abdu, S. B. (2017). Intake and Growth Performance of Fattening Yankasa Rams Fed Diets Containing Different Proportions of Urea Treated Rice Straw and Gamba Hay. International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science. 3(7):10-17
Oliveira, R. L., Robson J. F., Oliveira, L. R., Bezerra, T. V. C., Nascimento, C. B., Pellegrini, M. D., Freitas Neto, N. G., Nascimento, J., and Wender F. S. (2016) Substitution of corn meal with dry brewer´s yeast in the diet of sheep Rev Colom Cienc Pecua 29:2
Pond W. G, Church D. C, Pond K. R. (1995). Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. Fourth eds. Johnwilley and Sons. New York. P. 615.
Sani Y. M. (2018). Replacement Value of Urea for Cotton Seed Cake as a Source of Nitrogen in the Diets of Growing Yankasa Rams. An M.Sc Thesis presented to the School of Postgraduate Studies, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi
Tan, Z., and M. R. Murphy. 2004. Ammonia production, ammonia absorption, and urea recycling in ruminants. A review. Journal of Animal Feed Science, 13:389–404.
Uguru, C. and Ngaloru, E. M. (2019) Effect of Feeding Varying Levels of Cotton Seed Cake as Replacement for Groundnut Cake on Growth Performance of Sheep in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health care 15(2):102-107.
Van Soest, P. V., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3583-3597.
Xu, Y., Li, Z., Moraes, L. E., Shen, J., Yu, Z. and Zhu, W. (2019). Effects of Incremental Urea Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestion, Plasma Metabolites, and Growth Performance in Fattening Lambs. Animals 9(9):1-12; doi:10.3390/ani9090652.
Yerima, J., Abubakar, M., Kalla, D. J. U., Mijinyawa, A. and Yusuf, A. (2020). Evaluation of multi-nutrient block supplementation on nutrient intake and growth performance of Yankasa rams fed based diet of cowpea shell and maize offal Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(3):291 – 297.
Abdullahi, M., Abubakar, M., Doma, U. D. and Kalla, D. J. U. (2021). Nutrient Intake, Growth Performance and Economics of Production of Growing Yankasa Rams Fed Urea Treated Sesame Chaff Supplemented with Varying Proportion of Protein and Energy Sources. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 4(1):67 - 81
Abubakar, M., Adegbola, T. A, Abubakar, M. M., Shehu, Y., Ngele M. B. and Kalla D. J. U. (2010). Nutritional Evaluation of Different Sources of Nitrogen on Digestible Nutrient Intake, Nitrogen Balance and Production of Rumen Metabolites In Growing Yankasa Sheep. Emirate Journal of Food and Agriculture,22(4):298 – 307.
Adegun, M. K. and Aye, P. A. (2013). Growth performance and economic analysis of West African Dwarf rams fed Moringa oleifera and cotton seed cake as protein supplements to Panicum maximum. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 3(2):58-63.
Adeola, E. A., Garba, Y. and Baba, M. (2021). Growth performance and in vivo nutrients digestibility of growing Yankasa ram lambs fed diets containing graded levels of sesame residue. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 9(2):107-111
Alabi, J. O., Arigbede, M., Ng’ambi, J. Norris, D., Shiawoya, E. and Onyekachi, S. (2013) Effects of urea treated fibrous diets on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance and haematological parameters of Yankasa rams. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 45:1349–1355
Alhassan, W. S. (1989). Crop Residue Utilization with Special Reference to Pastoral Production. In: Gefu, J.O., Adu, I.F., Lufadeju, E.A., Kallah, M.S. and Awogbade, M.O. (Eds.). Pastoralism in Nigeria. Past, Present and Future. National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Shika Zaria, Nigeria. Pp 70-94
Ali, A. and Jabbar, M. A. (2014). Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Treated Broiler Litter on Palatability and Growth Performance of Sheep. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 24(1):68-72
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Ed. Association of Official of Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg. MD Germany.
Ashiru, R. M., Garba, Y., Maigandi, S. A. and Muhammad I. R. (2017) Performance of Yankasa Sheep fed complete rations containing inclusion levels of sugarcane waste ensiled with poultry litter. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 7(2):265-269
Babu J., Nalini K. N., Raman R. Y., Raghunandan, T. and Sridhar, K. (2014) Effect of feeding sweet sorghum stover based complete ration on nutrient utilization in Nellore lambs. Veterinary World, 7(11): 970-975.
Beigh Y. A., Ganai A. M., Ahmad H. A., (2017) Prospects of complete feed system in ruminant feeding: A review, Veterinary World, 10(4): 424-437
Can, A. Denek, N. and Yazgan, K (2004). Effect of Urea and Molasses Supplementation on Nutrient Intake and Digestility of Sheep Fed with Straw. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3(7): 466-469
Capper B. S., Thomson E. F. & Rihawi S. (1989). Voluntary intake and digestibility of barley straw as influenced by variety and supplementation with either barley grain or cottonseed cake. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 26:105-118.
Chang, M. B., Joo J. W., Bae G. S., Min W. K., Choi H. S., Maeng W. J. and Chung Y. H. (2005). Effect of protein sources on rumen microbial protein synthesis using simulated continuous culture system. Asian-Australia Journal of Animal Science. 18(3):326-331.
Devendra, C. (1997). Crop residues for feeding animals in Asia: Technology development and adoption in crop/livestock systems. In: Crop Residuals in Sustainable Mixed Crop/livestock Farming System (Ed. C. Renard). CAB International; Wallingford, UK. pp. 241-267.
Dewhurst, R. J., Davies D. R. and Merry R. J. (2000). Microbial protein supply from the rumen. Animal Feed Science Technology, 85:1–21
El‑Nomeary, Y. A. A., Abd El‑Rahman, H. H. H., Shoukry, M. M., Abedo, A. A., Salman, F. M. and Mohamed, M. I. (2021). Effect of different dietary protein sources on digestibility and growth performance parameters in lambs. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45(40): 1-11
Hirut Y., Solomon, M and Mengistu Urge, (2011). Effect of concentrate supplementation on live weight change and carcass characteristics of Hararghe Highland sheep fed a basal diet of urea treated maize stover. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 23(12). www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/hiru23245.htm
Jokthan G. E., Muhammad, S. A. and Osuhur, C. U. (2013). Effect of cottonseed cake replacement with broiler litter on performance of Yankasa rams fed maize husk basal diets. FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, 1:147-155
Khattab I. M., Salem A. Z. M, Abdel-Wahed A. M., Kewan K. Z. (2013). Effects of urea supplementation on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation in sheep fed diets containing dates. Livestock Science. 155:223-229.
Köster H. H., Woods B. C., Cochran R. C., Vanzant E. S., Titgemeyer E. C., Grieger D. M., Olson K. C., Stokka G. (2002). Effect of increasing proportion of supplemental N from urea in prepartum supplements on range beef cow performance and on forage intake and digestibility by steers fed low quality forages. Journal of Animal Science, 80:1652-1662.
Madhavi, K., Reddy, T. J., Reddy, Y. R. and Reddy, G. V. N. (2010). Growth rate and carcass characteristics of Nellore ram lambs fed on differently processed and detoxified neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake incorporated complete diets. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol. Animal Nutrition Feed Technology, 10:209-214.
Mayomi, I. and Mohamed, I. A. (2014). A decade of assessment of Maiduguri Urban expansion (2002-2012): Geospatial approach. Global Journal Human Science 14(2):1-6
Millam, J. J., Joel, M., and Eli, B. A. (2020). Xylanase and glucanase supplementation on growth performance and blood profile of Yankasa rams fed crop residues. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 5(5):166–172.
Millam, J. J., Waja, A and Papas, H. (2021). Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Yankasa Rams Fed Crop Residue Supplemented with Varying Levels of Xylanase and Glucanase Combinations International Journal of Agriculture and Earth, 7(1) 73-83
Minitab Inc. (2014). Minitab statistical analytical package, version 16
Muhammad, N., Maigandi, S.A., Hassan, W.A. and Daneji, A.I. (2008). Growth performance and economics of sheep production fed varying levels of rice milling waste. Sokoto journal of veterinary science. 7(1):59-64.
Nagi, P. R. S., Reddy, D. N., Nagalakshmi, D., Reddy, Y. R. and Raghunandan, T. (2012) Effect of particle size of paddy straw on physical characteristics and performance of lambs fed paddy straw based complete diets. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology,12:111-119
Nayawo, A. A., Isyaku, S. Mijinyawa, M. A. Ehoche, O. W., Otaru, S. M. and Abdu, S. B. (2017). Intake and Growth Performance of Fattening Yankasa Rams Fed Diets Containing Different Proportions of Urea Treated Rice Straw and Gamba Hay. International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science. 3(7):10-17
Oliveira, R. L., Robson J. F., Oliveira, L. R., Bezerra, T. V. C., Nascimento, C. B., Pellegrini, M. D., Freitas Neto, N. G., Nascimento, J., and Wender F. S. (2016) Substitution of corn meal with dry brewer´s yeast in the diet of sheep Rev Colom Cienc Pecua 29:2
Pond W. G, Church D. C, Pond K. R. (1995). Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding. Fourth eds. Johnwilley and Sons. New York. P. 615.
Sani Y. M. (2018). Replacement Value of Urea for Cotton Seed Cake as a Source of Nitrogen in the Diets of Growing Yankasa Rams. An M.Sc Thesis presented to the School of Postgraduate Studies, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi
Tan, Z., and M. R. Murphy. 2004. Ammonia production, ammonia absorption, and urea recycling in ruminants. A review. Journal of Animal Feed Science, 13:389–404.
Uguru, C. and Ngaloru, E. M. (2019) Effect of Feeding Varying Levels of Cotton Seed Cake as Replacement for Groundnut Cake on Growth Performance of Sheep in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health care 15(2):102-107.
Van Soest, P. V., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3583-3597.
Xu, Y., Li, Z., Moraes, L. E., Shen, J., Yu, Z. and Zhu, W. (2019). Effects of Incremental Urea Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestion, Plasma Metabolites, and Growth Performance in Fattening Lambs. Animals 9(9):1-12; doi:10.3390/ani9090652.
Yerima, J., Abubakar, M., Kalla, D. J. U., Mijinyawa, A. and Yusuf, A. (2020). Evaluation of multi-nutrient block supplementation on nutrient intake and growth performance of Yankasa rams fed based diet of cowpea shell and maize offal Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(3):291 – 297.
Published
2023-01-25
How to Cite
Yerima, J., Abubakar, M., kalla D. J. U., & Mancha, Y. P. (2023). Nutrient intake and Growth Performance of Yankasa Rams Fed Sorghum Stover Based Diets Containing Graded Levels of Urea and Cotton Seed Cake. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 5(4), 88 - 97. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/231
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