Effect of Xylopia aethiopica on Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens
Keywords:
Broiler chickens, xylopia aethiopica, performance, carcass, internal organs
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of xylopia aethiopica on growth performance, carcass characteristics and internal organs of broiler chickens. Two hundred day old abor acre broiler chickens were used for the study. Five dietary treatments were formulated thus; Treatment one (T1); the control had no xylopia aethiopica powder, while treatments two, three, four and five (T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively) had 100, 200, 300 and 400 g per 100 kg of feed, respectively. The birds were divided into five treatment groups of fourty birds each and assigned treatment diets in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The results of growth performance of the birds at the starter and finisher phases showed significant (p<0.05) effect of xylopia aethiopica on daily and final weight gains. However, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly (p>0.05) affected. There were significant (p<0.05) treatment effect on live and dressed weights. Significant differences (p>0.05) did not exist in the weight of cut-up parts (thigh, drumstick, breast, wing and back) and internal organs (gizzard, liver, kidney and heart) of the broiler chickens. It can be concluded that inclusion of up to 400 g of xylopia aethiopica powder in the diet of broiler chickens improved growth performance but did not have any detrimental effect on carcass characteristics and internal organs of the broiler chickens.
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References
Agu, E. C. Okeudo, N. J. Aladi, N. O. and Okoro, V. M. O. (2017). Effect of dietary inclusion of ginger meal on performance serum cholesterol profile and carcass quality of broilers. Nigerian Journal of animal Production 44(1):254 – 266.
Aji, S. B., Ignatius, K., Ado, A. Y., Nuhu, J. B. and Abdulkarin, A. (2011). Effect of Feeding Onion (Allium cepa) and Garlic (Allium sativum) on some performance characteristics of broiler chickens, Research Journal of Poultry Sciences 4:22-27.
AOAC (1995), Official method of Analysis 15th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Washington DC, USA.
Bamgbose A.M. and Niba, A.T. (1998). The Nigerian Livestock industry in the 21st Century 3rd Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN) pg. 84-87.
Berezin, V. E., Bogoyav lenskyi, A. P., Khudiakova, S. S., Alexuk, P. G., Omirtaeva, E. S., ZAITCEVA, I. A. Tustikbaeva, G. B., Barfield, R. C. and Fetterer, R. H. (2010). Immunostimulatory complexes containing Ermeria tenella antigens and low toxicity plant saponins induce antibody response and provide protection from challenge in broiler chickens. Veterinary parasitology 167(1):28-35.
Bradbury M.G. Eugen, S. V. and Bradbury, J. H. (1999). Determination of all Forms of Cynaogens in Cassava Roots and Cassava Products Using Picrate Paper Kits. Journal of Sciences, Food and Agriculture 79:593-601.
Brenes, A., and E. Roura. (2010). Essential oils in poultry nutrition; main effects and modes of actions. Animal Feed Science Technol. 158:1-14.
Cardozo, P. W., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Kamel, C. (2004). Effects of natural plant extracts on ruminant protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture. Journal of Animal Science 82(11):3230 -3236.
Carrijo, A.S., Madeira, L.A., Sartori, J. K., Pezzato, A. C., Goncalves, Cruz, V.C. (2005), Powdered garlic in the alternative feeding of broiler chickens. Brazilian J. Agric Science 40(7):673-679.
Denli, M, Okan, F. and Celik, K. (2003), Effect of dietary probiotic, organic acid and antibiotic supplementation to diets on broiler performance and carcass yield. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2 (2):89 – 91.
Diaz-Sanches S., D’ Souza D., Biswas, D. and Hanning, I. (2015). Botanical alternatives to antibiotics for use in organic poultry production. Poult Sc. 94(6): 1419 – 30, doi:10.3382/ps/pev014.
Duncan, D. B. (1955) Multiple range and Multiple F-Test. Biometrics 11:1-42.
Duwa, H., Saleh, B., Chana, Z. M. and Girgini A. Y. (2019). Influence of varying dietary energy levels supplemented with ginger or probiotics on performance of broiler chickens under a semi-arid environment. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science 21(1):56-62.
Egbewande, O.O., Ibrahim, H. G. Idris, Y. and Kabiril, S. (2021). Effect of garlic (Allium Sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and their combination on the performance of broiler birds. Nigerian society for animal production (NSAP) 46th Annual Conference – Dutsinma 2021 Book of proceedings pp 74 – 77.
Ekine, O. A., Udoudo, E. F. and George, O. S. (2020). Influence of turmeric (Curcumu longa) as feed additives on the performance, serum enzymes and lipid profile of broiler cickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 22 (2):57-63.
Enerbery, R.M. Hedermann, M.S., Lasser, T.D. and Jenson, B.B. (2000). Effect of Zinc Bacteracin and salinomycin on intestinal microflora and performance of broilers. Poult Sci. 99: 1311-1319.
Essien, C. A. (2021). Effects of Tetrapleura Tetraptera on performance, carcass characteristics and organ indices of broiler chickens. Animal Research International 18(2): 4134 – 4144.
Essien, C. A. and Sam I M. (2015). Nutritional evaluation of Icacinia manni (Earth Ball) processed in saline as a source of dietary energy in broiler production. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 8(2) 19-23.
Greathead, H. (2003), Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity proceedings of the Nutrition society, 62(2):279-290.
Hedayati, M; Manafi, M; Yari, M. and Vafaei, P. (2013). Effects of Supplementing diets with Acidifier on performance parameters and visceral organ weights of broilers. European Journal of Zoological Research 2:49-55.
Ingweye, J. N., Kalio, G. A and Thomas, S. (2021). Influence of dietary supplementation of aidan (Tetrapleura tetraptera) and or turmeric (curcuma longa) on performance and bio-economics of broiler chickens. 46th Annual conference – Book of Proceedings NSAP 46:276-280.
Isikwenu, J, O and Udomah, J,.E, (2015). Effects of xylopia aethiopia dried fruits (grain of selim) as additive on performance, carcass characteristics and economics prospects in finisher broilers. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 8(3):07-12.
Isikwenu, J. O. (2015). Nutrient digestibility and growth performance of finisher broilers given dried Xylopia aethiopica fruits (Grains of selim) as additives. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 8(5):320-326.
Iqbal, Z., Nadeem, Q. K., Khan, M. N., Akhtar, M. S. and Waraich, F. N. (2001). In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Curcurbita Mexicana and Ficus religiosa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 3(4): 454-457.
Jamroz, D. and Kamel, C. (2002). Plant extracts enhance broiler performance. Journal of Animal Science, 80:41- 48.
Jang IS, KO YH, Yang HY, Ha JS, Kim, JY, Kang SY, Yoo DH, Nam DS, Kimand DH and Lee CY (2004). Influence of essential oil components on growth performance and the functional activity of the pancrease and small intestine in broiler chickens. Asian – Aust., J. Anim. Sci. 17:394-400.
Lee, K.W. Everts, H., Kappert, H. J., Losa R., and Beynen, A. G. (2003). Dietary carvcol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12:394-399.
Mansoub, N. H. (2011). Comparison of effects of using thyme and probiotic on performance and serum composition of broiler chickens. Advances in Environmental Biology, 5:2012-2015.
N., H., Martinez, Y., Guan, G., Rodriguez, R., Mas. D., Peng, H. Valdivie Navarro, M. and Liu, G. (2016). Analysis of the impact of isoquinoline alkaloids, derived from macleaya cordata extract, on the development and innate immune response in swine and poultry. Biomed Research International, 2016: 1352146, http://doi.org/10.115/2016/1352146.
Ndelekwute, E. B., E. K., Etuk, I. F., Ogbuewu, I. P. and Kadurumba, O. E. (2012). Performance of Broiler chickens fed ocimum gratissimum L. Supplemented Diets. Proc. 6th Ann. Conf. Nig. Soc. For Indigenous Knowledge and Devpt. (NSIKAD). June 5th – 7th MOUA, Umudike, Pp. 15-16.
Ndelekwute, E. k. and Enyenilni, G. E (2018). Negro pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) in feed as Antibacterial and can improve broiler chicken productivity. British Journal of Poultry Sciences 7(1) 10-15.
Odunowo, O. O. and Oluumide, M. D. (2019). Growth response and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with garlic (Allium Sativum). Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 21 (1): 163 – 171.
Okagu, I. U., Ogugua, V. N., Dibor, C. N., Ifeanacho, M. U., Nnebe, M. E., Aniehe, C. C., Odenigbo, C. J. and Ngwu, U. E. (2018). Effects of Methanol Extraction on some Nutritional and Antinutrient Contents of Xylopia aethiopica Fruits from Enugu State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Vol. 6(3): 84 – 96.
Okwu, D. E. (2003). The potentials of Ocimum gratissimum, Pengularia extensa and Tetrapleura tetraptera as spice and flavouring agents. Nigeria Agricultural Journal, 34:143-148.
Oluyemi, J. A. and Roberts, F.A. (2000) Poultry Production in Warm Wet Climate. 2nd ed. Spectrum Books Ltd. Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 210.
Onibi, G. E., Adebisi, O. E. and FAJE MIsin A. N. (2009). Response of broiler chickens in terms of performance and meat quality to garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation. African Journal of agricultural Research, 4(5): 511-517
Ozcan, M. (2004). Mineral contents of some plants used as condiments in Turkey. Food chemistry 84:437-440.
Perin, G., Baldissera, M. D., Fernandes, M., Barreta, M., Casagrande, R. A., Griss, L. G., Fortuoso, B. F., Volpato, A., Stefani, L. M., Boiago, M. M. and De Cristo, T. G. (2019). Effects of tannin-containing diets on performance, gut disease control and health in broiler chicks. Animal Production Science 59(10): 1847-1857.
Puyalto, M. and Mesia, J. 2002. Fighting Gut Pathogens. In-Vitro Assessment of Organic Acids Derivatives and Combinations. Poult Intl. Aug. 41(2): 19-24.
Sirinivasan, K, (2007). Black pepper and its pungent principle – piperine. A review of diverse physiological effects. Food Science and Nutrition 47(8):735 – 748.
Tian, W. 2008. Herbs in Africa. A Field guide to the natural history of herbs NSW Department of primary industries. http://www.wiseject.com/herbs.
Udofia, U.S., and Alozie, Y. E. (2015). Nutrients and Phytochemical composition of spices in relation to health (“Uyayak” (Tetrapieura tetraptera), “Inwun” (Monodora myristica, “Odusa” (piper guineense), and “Ata” (Xylopia aethiopica). Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 11(2):211-214.
Wikipedia (2020). Akwa Ibom State. Wikipedia.http://www.wikipedia.org/wili:/Akwa Ibom-state Accessed December 4, 2020.
Windisch, W, Schedle, K., Plitzner, C., and Kroismayr, A. (2007), Use of Phytogenic Products as Feed additives for swine and poultry. J. Anim. Sc. 86 (E. suppl.): E 140 – E 148.
Zafar, F., Idress, M. and Ahmed, Z. (2005). Use of apple by-products in poultry rations in broiler chicks. Pakistan Journal of Physiology 1:1-2.
Aji, S. B., Ignatius, K., Ado, A. Y., Nuhu, J. B. and Abdulkarin, A. (2011). Effect of Feeding Onion (Allium cepa) and Garlic (Allium sativum) on some performance characteristics of broiler chickens, Research Journal of Poultry Sciences 4:22-27.
AOAC (1995), Official method of Analysis 15th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Washington DC, USA.
Bamgbose A.M. and Niba, A.T. (1998). The Nigerian Livestock industry in the 21st Century 3rd Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN) pg. 84-87.
Berezin, V. E., Bogoyav lenskyi, A. P., Khudiakova, S. S., Alexuk, P. G., Omirtaeva, E. S., ZAITCEVA, I. A. Tustikbaeva, G. B., Barfield, R. C. and Fetterer, R. H. (2010). Immunostimulatory complexes containing Ermeria tenella antigens and low toxicity plant saponins induce antibody response and provide protection from challenge in broiler chickens. Veterinary parasitology 167(1):28-35.
Bradbury M.G. Eugen, S. V. and Bradbury, J. H. (1999). Determination of all Forms of Cynaogens in Cassava Roots and Cassava Products Using Picrate Paper Kits. Journal of Sciences, Food and Agriculture 79:593-601.
Brenes, A., and E. Roura. (2010). Essential oils in poultry nutrition; main effects and modes of actions. Animal Feed Science Technol. 158:1-14.
Cardozo, P. W., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Kamel, C. (2004). Effects of natural plant extracts on ruminant protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture. Journal of Animal Science 82(11):3230 -3236.
Carrijo, A.S., Madeira, L.A., Sartori, J. K., Pezzato, A. C., Goncalves, Cruz, V.C. (2005), Powdered garlic in the alternative feeding of broiler chickens. Brazilian J. Agric Science 40(7):673-679.
Denli, M, Okan, F. and Celik, K. (2003), Effect of dietary probiotic, organic acid and antibiotic supplementation to diets on broiler performance and carcass yield. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2 (2):89 – 91.
Diaz-Sanches S., D’ Souza D., Biswas, D. and Hanning, I. (2015). Botanical alternatives to antibiotics for use in organic poultry production. Poult Sc. 94(6): 1419 – 30, doi:10.3382/ps/pev014.
Duncan, D. B. (1955) Multiple range and Multiple F-Test. Biometrics 11:1-42.
Duwa, H., Saleh, B., Chana, Z. M. and Girgini A. Y. (2019). Influence of varying dietary energy levels supplemented with ginger or probiotics on performance of broiler chickens under a semi-arid environment. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science 21(1):56-62.
Egbewande, O.O., Ibrahim, H. G. Idris, Y. and Kabiril, S. (2021). Effect of garlic (Allium Sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and their combination on the performance of broiler birds. Nigerian society for animal production (NSAP) 46th Annual Conference – Dutsinma 2021 Book of proceedings pp 74 – 77.
Ekine, O. A., Udoudo, E. F. and George, O. S. (2020). Influence of turmeric (Curcumu longa) as feed additives on the performance, serum enzymes and lipid profile of broiler cickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 22 (2):57-63.
Enerbery, R.M. Hedermann, M.S., Lasser, T.D. and Jenson, B.B. (2000). Effect of Zinc Bacteracin and salinomycin on intestinal microflora and performance of broilers. Poult Sci. 99: 1311-1319.
Essien, C. A. (2021). Effects of Tetrapleura Tetraptera on performance, carcass characteristics and organ indices of broiler chickens. Animal Research International 18(2): 4134 – 4144.
Essien, C. A. and Sam I M. (2015). Nutritional evaluation of Icacinia manni (Earth Ball) processed in saline as a source of dietary energy in broiler production. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 8(2) 19-23.
Greathead, H. (2003), Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity proceedings of the Nutrition society, 62(2):279-290.
Hedayati, M; Manafi, M; Yari, M. and Vafaei, P. (2013). Effects of Supplementing diets with Acidifier on performance parameters and visceral organ weights of broilers. European Journal of Zoological Research 2:49-55.
Ingweye, J. N., Kalio, G. A and Thomas, S. (2021). Influence of dietary supplementation of aidan (Tetrapleura tetraptera) and or turmeric (curcuma longa) on performance and bio-economics of broiler chickens. 46th Annual conference – Book of Proceedings NSAP 46:276-280.
Isikwenu, J, O and Udomah, J,.E, (2015). Effects of xylopia aethiopia dried fruits (grain of selim) as additive on performance, carcass characteristics and economics prospects in finisher broilers. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 8(3):07-12.
Isikwenu, J. O. (2015). Nutrient digestibility and growth performance of finisher broilers given dried Xylopia aethiopica fruits (Grains of selim) as additives. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 8(5):320-326.
Iqbal, Z., Nadeem, Q. K., Khan, M. N., Akhtar, M. S. and Waraich, F. N. (2001). In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Curcurbita Mexicana and Ficus religiosa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 3(4): 454-457.
Jamroz, D. and Kamel, C. (2002). Plant extracts enhance broiler performance. Journal of Animal Science, 80:41- 48.
Jang IS, KO YH, Yang HY, Ha JS, Kim, JY, Kang SY, Yoo DH, Nam DS, Kimand DH and Lee CY (2004). Influence of essential oil components on growth performance and the functional activity of the pancrease and small intestine in broiler chickens. Asian – Aust., J. Anim. Sci. 17:394-400.
Lee, K.W. Everts, H., Kappert, H. J., Losa R., and Beynen, A. G. (2003). Dietary carvcol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12:394-399.
Mansoub, N. H. (2011). Comparison of effects of using thyme and probiotic on performance and serum composition of broiler chickens. Advances in Environmental Biology, 5:2012-2015.
N., H., Martinez, Y., Guan, G., Rodriguez, R., Mas. D., Peng, H. Valdivie Navarro, M. and Liu, G. (2016). Analysis of the impact of isoquinoline alkaloids, derived from macleaya cordata extract, on the development and innate immune response in swine and poultry. Biomed Research International, 2016: 1352146, http://doi.org/10.115/2016/1352146.
Ndelekwute, E. B., E. K., Etuk, I. F., Ogbuewu, I. P. and Kadurumba, O. E. (2012). Performance of Broiler chickens fed ocimum gratissimum L. Supplemented Diets. Proc. 6th Ann. Conf. Nig. Soc. For Indigenous Knowledge and Devpt. (NSIKAD). June 5th – 7th MOUA, Umudike, Pp. 15-16.
Ndelekwute, E. k. and Enyenilni, G. E (2018). Negro pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) in feed as Antibacterial and can improve broiler chicken productivity. British Journal of Poultry Sciences 7(1) 10-15.
Odunowo, O. O. and Oluumide, M. D. (2019). Growth response and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with garlic (Allium Sativum). Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 21 (1): 163 – 171.
Okagu, I. U., Ogugua, V. N., Dibor, C. N., Ifeanacho, M. U., Nnebe, M. E., Aniehe, C. C., Odenigbo, C. J. and Ngwu, U. E. (2018). Effects of Methanol Extraction on some Nutritional and Antinutrient Contents of Xylopia aethiopica Fruits from Enugu State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Vol. 6(3): 84 – 96.
Okwu, D. E. (2003). The potentials of Ocimum gratissimum, Pengularia extensa and Tetrapleura tetraptera as spice and flavouring agents. Nigeria Agricultural Journal, 34:143-148.
Oluyemi, J. A. and Roberts, F.A. (2000) Poultry Production in Warm Wet Climate. 2nd ed. Spectrum Books Ltd. Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 210.
Onibi, G. E., Adebisi, O. E. and FAJE MIsin A. N. (2009). Response of broiler chickens in terms of performance and meat quality to garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation. African Journal of agricultural Research, 4(5): 511-517
Ozcan, M. (2004). Mineral contents of some plants used as condiments in Turkey. Food chemistry 84:437-440.
Perin, G., Baldissera, M. D., Fernandes, M., Barreta, M., Casagrande, R. A., Griss, L. G., Fortuoso, B. F., Volpato, A., Stefani, L. M., Boiago, M. M. and De Cristo, T. G. (2019). Effects of tannin-containing diets on performance, gut disease control and health in broiler chicks. Animal Production Science 59(10): 1847-1857.
Puyalto, M. and Mesia, J. 2002. Fighting Gut Pathogens. In-Vitro Assessment of Organic Acids Derivatives and Combinations. Poult Intl. Aug. 41(2): 19-24.
Sirinivasan, K, (2007). Black pepper and its pungent principle – piperine. A review of diverse physiological effects. Food Science and Nutrition 47(8):735 – 748.
Tian, W. 2008. Herbs in Africa. A Field guide to the natural history of herbs NSW Department of primary industries. http://www.wiseject.com/herbs.
Udofia, U.S., and Alozie, Y. E. (2015). Nutrients and Phytochemical composition of spices in relation to health (“Uyayak” (Tetrapieura tetraptera), “Inwun” (Monodora myristica, “Odusa” (piper guineense), and “Ata” (Xylopia aethiopica). Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 11(2):211-214.
Wikipedia (2020). Akwa Ibom State. Wikipedia.http://www.wikipedia.org/wili:/Akwa Ibom-state Accessed December 4, 2020.
Windisch, W, Schedle, K., Plitzner, C., and Kroismayr, A. (2007), Use of Phytogenic Products as Feed additives for swine and poultry. J. Anim. Sc. 86 (E. suppl.): E 140 – E 148.
Zafar, F., Idress, M. and Ahmed, Z. (2005). Use of apple by-products in poultry rations in broiler chicks. Pakistan Journal of Physiology 1:1-2.
Published
2022-10-14
How to Cite
Solomon, F. E., Essien, C. A., & Eyoh, G. D. (2022). Effect of Xylopia aethiopica on Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 5(3), 10 - 21. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/211
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