Chemical composition, anti-nutritive substances, amino acid profile and mineral composition of Moringa oleifera seeds subjected to different boiling duration
Keywords:
Moringa oleifera seeds, mineral, anti-nutritive substances
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical and mineral compositions, anti-nutritive substances and amino acid profile of Moringa oleifera seeds. Samples were collected from five Moringa oleifera trees and analyzed for chemical and mineral compositions, anti-nutritive substances and amino acid profile using standard methods. The results indicated that the seeds of Moringa oleifera contained significantly (p<0.05) higher (322.00 and 136.40 g kg-1 DM) crude protein (CP) and fat values. The highest CP (322 g kg-1 DM) was obtained at 60 minutes boiling point of M. oleifera while the lowest CP (225.00 g kg-1 DM) was obtained from M. oleifera seeds boiled at 0 minutes (no heat treatment). M. oleifera seeds was observed to contain significantly (p<0.05) higher crude fiber (94.00 g kg-1 DM), neutral detergent fiber (518.00 g kg-1 DM) and cellulose (338.00 g kg-1 DM) at 60 minutes boiling duration than the other parameters studied. Boiling duration shows significant effect (p<0.05) on Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium values which decrease with increase in boiling duration while the phosphorus shows some inconsistency in the values with variation in boiling time. Similarly, the values for the micro minerals tend to decrease with increase in boiling time but the changes was so insignificant (figuratively). The tannin, phenolics, saponins and phytate content were observed to decrease with increase in boiling time. In conclusion, the seeds of both Moringa oleifera could be used as alternative protein supplement sources for feeding ruminant and monogastric animals during dry periods of the year and apparently boiling duration (60 minutes boiling duration) reduces the level of anti-nutrtive substances and macro minerals, as such mineral supplement should be added when using heat treated M. oleifera seeds does not cause adverse effects on the nutrient composition of the seeds.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Akubugwo I.E., Obasi, N.A., Chinyere, G.C. and Ugbogu, A.E. (2007). Nutritional and chemical values of Amaranthushybridus L. leaves from Afikpo, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 6(24):2833-2839.
Anjorin T.S, Ikokoh P, Okolo S (2010). Mineral composition of Moringa oleifera leaves, pods and seeds from two regions in Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture 12: 431–434.
Ayinde, B. A., D. N. Onwukaeme, and E. K. I. Omogbai. (2007). Isolation and characterization of two phenolic compounds from the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides R. Brown (Muraceae). Acta Pol. Pharmacy 64:183–185.
A.O.A.C. (2002) Official Methods of Analysis of the (AOAC) International No. 994.12. 19 th Chapter 4, 18-19, Official Journal of the European Communities 19.9.98, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
Ayotunde, E. O., Fagbenro, O. A. and Adebanyo, O. T. (2011). Toxicity of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seed powder to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science 1:142–150.
Babayemi, O. J., Demeyer, D. and Fievez, V. (2004). Nutritional value of qualitative assessment of secondary compound in seeds of eight tropical browse, shrub and pulse legumes. Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci. Ghent University, 69/1: 103-110
Balbir, M. (2006). Moringa for cattle fodder and plant growth. Tree for life available at www.treeforlife.org.
Brisibe, E.A., Umoren, U.E,, Brisibe, F., Magalhaes, P.M., Ferreira, J.F.S., Luthria, D., Wu, X., Prior, R.L. (2009). Nutritional characterization and antioxidant capacity of different tissues of Artemisia annua L. Food Chemistry. 115: 1240-1246.
Busani M., Patrick J. M., Amold H. and Voster M. (2011). Nutritional characterization of Moringa leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(60): 12925-12933.
Dingynan, F., S. Yingran, and E. R. Chavez. (2003). Effectiveness of different processing methods in reducing hydrogen cyanide content of flaxseed. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture. 8:836–841.
Elemo, B. O., G. N. Elemo, O. O. Agboola, and A. B. Oyedun. (2001). Studies on some anti-nutritive factors and in-vitro protein digestibility of Thaumatococcus danielli (Benth) wastes. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 16:43–46.
Ghazalah, A. A. and Ali, A. M. (2008). Rosemary leaves as a dietary supplement for growth in broiler chickens. International Poultry Science, 7: 234-239.
Igwilo, I.O. Oloyode, O.P. Obi, E. (2007). Effect of simple cook and defatten processing method on the protein quality of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) seeds. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Systems, 1(1), 87-91.
Ishaya, S. and Abaje, I. B. (2008). Indigenous people’s perception on climate change and adaptation strategies in Jema’a local government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning. 1(8): 138-143.
Jariwalla, R. J., Sabin, R., Lawson, S. and Herman, Z.S. (1990). Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation by dietary phytates. Journal of Applied Nutrition 42:18–28.
Jongrungruangchok, S., Bunrathep, S., Songsak, T., (2010). Nutrients and minerals content of eleven different samples of Moringa oleifera cultivated in Thailand. Journal of Health Research. 24, 123–127.
Lannaon, W. J. (2007). Herbal Plants as Source of Antibiotics for Broilers. Agriculture Magazine,11(2): 55.
Li-Weber, M. (2009). Therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Biacalum and Bacalin. Cancer Treat. Rev. 35:57–68.
Mabruk, A.A., Talib, H.N., Mohamed, M.A. and Alawad. A.H. (2010). A note on the potential use of Moringa oleifera tree as animal feed, Hillat Kuku. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production. 1(2)184-188.
Maga, J. A. (1982). Phytate, its chemistry, occurrence, food interaction, nutritional significance and methods of analysis. Journal of Agricultural Food and chemistry. Vol. 30pp 1-5
Makkar, H. P. S. (2000). Quantification of tannins in tree foliage-a laboratory manual; a joint FAO/IAEA working document, Vienna, Austria.
Moyo, B., Masika, P. J., Arnold Hugo, A. and Voster Muchenj, V. (2011). Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(60): 12925-12933.
Njidda, A.A. (2011). Evaluation of the potential nutritive value of browse forages of semi-arid region of Nigeria. PhD Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma Nigeria. 219pp
Njidda, A. A. (2012). Mineral Profile and in vitro gas Production of Leaves of four Ziziphus Species Used as Fodder for Ruminants in the Semi-arid Zone of Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Ecology, 5(2): 1-19.
Njidda, A. A. and Ikhimioya, I. (2012). Anti-nutritional constituents of browse plants in Animal Nutrition: A Review. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment 13 (1): 15 – 28.
Nouala, F.S., Akinbamijo, O.O., Adewum, A., Hoffman, E., Muetzel, S. and Becker, K. (2006). The influence of Moringa oleifera leaves as substitute to conventional concentrate on the in vitro gas production and digestibility of groundnut hay. Livestock Research for Rural Development., Vol. 18. (9) http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/9/noua18121.htm
Oakenfull D. (1981). Saponins in Food - A Review. Food Chemistry 7:19-40.
Ojukwu, A. (2012). Moringa as a livestock feed. http://westafricainsight.org/articles/PDF/149 (Accessed 28 December 2013)
Olusola, A. T. E. (2006). The miracle tree: Moringa oleifera (drumstick). Pp. 120–136 in Archive Vibrant Health with Nature. Keep Hope Alive Series. University of Jos Consultancy Limited Press, Jos, Nigeria.
Pearson, D., (1976). The Chemical Analysis of Foods. Church-Hill Livingstone, Edinburg, London and New York. London, UK., pp: 95-96.
Polshettiwar, S. A., Ganjiwale, R. O., Wadher, S. J. and Yeole, P. G. (2007). Spectrophotometric estimation of total tannins in some ayurvedic eye drops. Indian J. Pharmaceutical Sci.. 69 (4):574-576.
Raji, A.Y. and Njidda, A. A. (2014). Gonadal and extra-gonodal sperm reserves of the Red Sokoto goats fed Moringa oleifera supplemented diets. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 3(2): 61-64
Rockwood, J.L., Anderson, B.G. and Casamatta, D.A. (2013). Potential uses of Moringa oleifera and an examination of antibiotic efficacy conferred by M. oleifera seed and leaf extracts using crude extraction techniques available to underserved indigenous populations. International Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 3: 61-71
Seena, L. P. (2006). Functional properties of great northern beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) protein. Journal of Food Science 46:71–72.
Shiou, K. (1996). Phosphorus. In: D.L. Sparks (Eds). Method of Soil Analysis: Chemical
Methods. Part 3. 869-921. SSSA, Madison, WI.
Sidhu, G. S., and Oakenful, D.G. (1986). A mechanism for the hypocholesterolemic activity of saponins. British Journal of Nutrition 55:643–649.
Soladoye, M. O., and E. C. Chukwuma. (2012).Quantitative phytochemical profile of the leaves of Cissus populnea Guill.and Perr. (Vitaceae) –an important medicinal plant in central Nigeria. Archive of Applied Science Research 4:200–206.
Spackman, D. H., E. H. Stein, and S. Moore. (1958). Automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids. Analytical Chemist 30:1190–1191.
SPSS (2009), SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL. USA)
Swanepoel, N, Robinson, P.H and Erasmus, L.T. (2010). Amino acids needs of lactating dairy cows: Impact of feeding lysine in a ruminally protected form on productivity of lactating dairy cows. Animal Feed Science Technology, 157(1-2): 79-94.
Traore F., Faure R., Ollivier E., Gasquet M., Azas N., Debrauwer L., Keita A., Timon-David P., Balansard G., (2000). Structure and antiprotozoal activity of triterpenoid saponins from Glinus oppositifolius. Planta Medicine 66: 368-371.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583-3597.
Wang, T., Chen, F., Chen, Z., Wu, Y. F., Xu, X. L., Zheng, S. (2004). Honokiol induces apoptosis through p53-independent pathway in human colorectal cell line RKO. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 10, 2205–2208.
Wang, W.H., Jang, H.J., Hong, J.K., Lee, C.O., Bae, S.J., Shin, S. and Jung J.H. (2005). New cytotoxic sulfated saponins from the starfish Certonardoa semiregularis. Archive of Pharmaceutical Research; 28: 285-289.
Zohary, M. (1973). Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart.
Anjorin T.S, Ikokoh P, Okolo S (2010). Mineral composition of Moringa oleifera leaves, pods and seeds from two regions in Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture 12: 431–434.
Ayinde, B. A., D. N. Onwukaeme, and E. K. I. Omogbai. (2007). Isolation and characterization of two phenolic compounds from the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides R. Brown (Muraceae). Acta Pol. Pharmacy 64:183–185.
A.O.A.C. (2002) Official Methods of Analysis of the (AOAC) International No. 994.12. 19 th Chapter 4, 18-19, Official Journal of the European Communities 19.9.98, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
Ayotunde, E. O., Fagbenro, O. A. and Adebanyo, O. T. (2011). Toxicity of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seed powder to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science 1:142–150.
Babayemi, O. J., Demeyer, D. and Fievez, V. (2004). Nutritional value of qualitative assessment of secondary compound in seeds of eight tropical browse, shrub and pulse legumes. Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci. Ghent University, 69/1: 103-110
Balbir, M. (2006). Moringa for cattle fodder and plant growth. Tree for life available at www.treeforlife.org.
Brisibe, E.A., Umoren, U.E,, Brisibe, F., Magalhaes, P.M., Ferreira, J.F.S., Luthria, D., Wu, X., Prior, R.L. (2009). Nutritional characterization and antioxidant capacity of different tissues of Artemisia annua L. Food Chemistry. 115: 1240-1246.
Busani M., Patrick J. M., Amold H. and Voster M. (2011). Nutritional characterization of Moringa leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(60): 12925-12933.
Dingynan, F., S. Yingran, and E. R. Chavez. (2003). Effectiveness of different processing methods in reducing hydrogen cyanide content of flaxseed. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture. 8:836–841.
Elemo, B. O., G. N. Elemo, O. O. Agboola, and A. B. Oyedun. (2001). Studies on some anti-nutritive factors and in-vitro protein digestibility of Thaumatococcus danielli (Benth) wastes. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 16:43–46.
Ghazalah, A. A. and Ali, A. M. (2008). Rosemary leaves as a dietary supplement for growth in broiler chickens. International Poultry Science, 7: 234-239.
Igwilo, I.O. Oloyode, O.P. Obi, E. (2007). Effect of simple cook and defatten processing method on the protein quality of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) seeds. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Systems, 1(1), 87-91.
Ishaya, S. and Abaje, I. B. (2008). Indigenous people’s perception on climate change and adaptation strategies in Jema’a local government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning. 1(8): 138-143.
Jariwalla, R. J., Sabin, R., Lawson, S. and Herman, Z.S. (1990). Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation by dietary phytates. Journal of Applied Nutrition 42:18–28.
Jongrungruangchok, S., Bunrathep, S., Songsak, T., (2010). Nutrients and minerals content of eleven different samples of Moringa oleifera cultivated in Thailand. Journal of Health Research. 24, 123–127.
Lannaon, W. J. (2007). Herbal Plants as Source of Antibiotics for Broilers. Agriculture Magazine,11(2): 55.
Li-Weber, M. (2009). Therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Biacalum and Bacalin. Cancer Treat. Rev. 35:57–68.
Mabruk, A.A., Talib, H.N., Mohamed, M.A. and Alawad. A.H. (2010). A note on the potential use of Moringa oleifera tree as animal feed, Hillat Kuku. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production. 1(2)184-188.
Maga, J. A. (1982). Phytate, its chemistry, occurrence, food interaction, nutritional significance and methods of analysis. Journal of Agricultural Food and chemistry. Vol. 30pp 1-5
Makkar, H. P. S. (2000). Quantification of tannins in tree foliage-a laboratory manual; a joint FAO/IAEA working document, Vienna, Austria.
Moyo, B., Masika, P. J., Arnold Hugo, A. and Voster Muchenj, V. (2011). Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(60): 12925-12933.
Njidda, A.A. (2011). Evaluation of the potential nutritive value of browse forages of semi-arid region of Nigeria. PhD Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma Nigeria. 219pp
Njidda, A. A. (2012). Mineral Profile and in vitro gas Production of Leaves of four Ziziphus Species Used as Fodder for Ruminants in the Semi-arid Zone of Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Ecology, 5(2): 1-19.
Njidda, A. A. and Ikhimioya, I. (2012). Anti-nutritional constituents of browse plants in Animal Nutrition: A Review. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment 13 (1): 15 – 28.
Nouala, F.S., Akinbamijo, O.O., Adewum, A., Hoffman, E., Muetzel, S. and Becker, K. (2006). The influence of Moringa oleifera leaves as substitute to conventional concentrate on the in vitro gas production and digestibility of groundnut hay. Livestock Research for Rural Development., Vol. 18. (9) http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/9/noua18121.htm
Oakenfull D. (1981). Saponins in Food - A Review. Food Chemistry 7:19-40.
Ojukwu, A. (2012). Moringa as a livestock feed. http://westafricainsight.org/articles/PDF/149 (Accessed 28 December 2013)
Olusola, A. T. E. (2006). The miracle tree: Moringa oleifera (drumstick). Pp. 120–136 in Archive Vibrant Health with Nature. Keep Hope Alive Series. University of Jos Consultancy Limited Press, Jos, Nigeria.
Pearson, D., (1976). The Chemical Analysis of Foods. Church-Hill Livingstone, Edinburg, London and New York. London, UK., pp: 95-96.
Polshettiwar, S. A., Ganjiwale, R. O., Wadher, S. J. and Yeole, P. G. (2007). Spectrophotometric estimation of total tannins in some ayurvedic eye drops. Indian J. Pharmaceutical Sci.. 69 (4):574-576.
Raji, A.Y. and Njidda, A. A. (2014). Gonadal and extra-gonodal sperm reserves of the Red Sokoto goats fed Moringa oleifera supplemented diets. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 3(2): 61-64
Rockwood, J.L., Anderson, B.G. and Casamatta, D.A. (2013). Potential uses of Moringa oleifera and an examination of antibiotic efficacy conferred by M. oleifera seed and leaf extracts using crude extraction techniques available to underserved indigenous populations. International Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 3: 61-71
Seena, L. P. (2006). Functional properties of great northern beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) protein. Journal of Food Science 46:71–72.
Shiou, K. (1996). Phosphorus. In: D.L. Sparks (Eds). Method of Soil Analysis: Chemical
Methods. Part 3. 869-921. SSSA, Madison, WI.
Sidhu, G. S., and Oakenful, D.G. (1986). A mechanism for the hypocholesterolemic activity of saponins. British Journal of Nutrition 55:643–649.
Soladoye, M. O., and E. C. Chukwuma. (2012).Quantitative phytochemical profile of the leaves of Cissus populnea Guill.and Perr. (Vitaceae) –an important medicinal plant in central Nigeria. Archive of Applied Science Research 4:200–206.
Spackman, D. H., E. H. Stein, and S. Moore. (1958). Automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids. Analytical Chemist 30:1190–1191.
SPSS (2009), SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL. USA)
Swanepoel, N, Robinson, P.H and Erasmus, L.T. (2010). Amino acids needs of lactating dairy cows: Impact of feeding lysine in a ruminally protected form on productivity of lactating dairy cows. Animal Feed Science Technology, 157(1-2): 79-94.
Traore F., Faure R., Ollivier E., Gasquet M., Azas N., Debrauwer L., Keita A., Timon-David P., Balansard G., (2000). Structure and antiprotozoal activity of triterpenoid saponins from Glinus oppositifolius. Planta Medicine 66: 368-371.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583-3597.
Wang, T., Chen, F., Chen, Z., Wu, Y. F., Xu, X. L., Zheng, S. (2004). Honokiol induces apoptosis through p53-independent pathway in human colorectal cell line RKO. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 10, 2205–2208.
Wang, W.H., Jang, H.J., Hong, J.K., Lee, C.O., Bae, S.J., Shin, S. and Jung J.H. (2005). New cytotoxic sulfated saponins from the starfish Certonardoa semiregularis. Archive of Pharmaceutical Research; 28: 285-289.
Zohary, M. (1973). Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart.
Published
2021-05-02
How to Cite
Musa, J., & Njidda, A. A. (2021). Chemical composition, anti-nutritive substances, amino acid profile and mineral composition of Moringa oleifera seeds subjected to different boiling duration. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science and Technology (NJAST), 4(1), 43 - 52. Retrieved from http://njast.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/131
Section
Articles
